1999年英語(yǔ)試題及答案
99年的題目是比較困難的，難就難在題目的不規(guī)范和題目本身的錯(cuò)誤，還好，值得我們考生慶幸的是在04年之后，題目已經(jīng)比較的規(guī)范，也可以遵循很明顯的規(guī)律來(lái)進(jìn)行。
Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies _41__ low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42 and active. When the work is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established _44__ time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.
Successful safety programs may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by _46__ rulesor regulations._47_ others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basicideas that must be used in every progr8m if maximum results are to be obtained.
There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial stand-point alone,safety _48__. The fewer the injury 49, the better the workman's insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at _50__or at a loss.
我們先讀首句，直接的理解是工業(yè)革命不僅僅發(fā)生。這樣的理解沒(méi)有太大意義，可是，我們至少要知道，本文和工業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)是有關(guān)系的。希望各位考生可以做的就是，不管主體如何的變態(tài)，我們至少要知道這個(gè)題目的方向，這一方面可以直接的影響到下面的做題，如果實(shí)在沒(méi)辦法，我們優(yōu)先選擇那些和主題意思最接近的，最有相關(guān)性的一些選項(xiàng)。
41. [A]at [B]in [C]on [D]with
這個(gè)選項(xiàng)本身很容易，可是和后面的搭配卻非常的變態(tài)。由于后面的搭配詞是rates，很多人會(huì)馬上選擇at，可是卻忽略了最基本的一點(diǎn)，就是rates是一個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)，不是一個(gè)點(diǎn)，而at的根本含義是一個(gè)點(diǎn)的位置。所以要選的是with。
42. [A]alive [B]vivid [ C]mobile [D] diverse
這個(gè)空很容易，關(guān)鍵就是要理解42和后面是一種并列關(guān)系，后面是active，我們選最接近的alive
43. [A]regulation [B]climate [C]circumstance [D]requiremen
44. [A]where [B]how [ C]what [D]unless
這是本文最為困難的兩個(gè)空，解決如下：44是引出從句的連接詞，后面的從句主語(yǔ)完整，所以排除what, unless是除非的意思，也就是說(shuō)，后面一句是前面的條件，后面句子的意思是因?yàn)槭軅鴾p少的時(shí)間處于最少，前面是無(wú)事故操作，那么前者顯然不是后者的結(jié)果，而是反過(guò)來(lái)，后者是前者的結(jié)果，unless排除。那么我們就只需要考慮方式和處所兩個(gè)可能。顯然是where,因?yàn)檫@個(gè)句子不是問(wèn)如何達(dá)到的意思，用how后半句不通順。
44選where，43馬上可以排除A， D因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)顯然不適合做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。那么究竟選擇B還是C呢？很多人馬上就會(huì)選擇C， 其實(shí)不對(duì)，circumstance不是環(huán)境的意思，必須加上s才表示環(huán)境，所以應(yīng)該選擇表示環(huán)境的climate。
45. [A]alter [B]differ [ C] shift [D] distinguish
這個(gè)空完全是同義詞的使用和上下文的辨析。首先句子開(kāi)頭說(shuō)得很清楚，這是說(shuō)成功的安全生產(chǎn)規(guī)范，所以，45就不可以選擇A,C不是要改變的意思，而是要找他們的區(qū)別，而又因?yàn)槎际呛玫囊?guī)范，就不應(yīng)該是D，D表示的是高下之分，所以選B。
46. [A] constituting [ B] aggravating [ C]observing [D]justifying
后面是rules,所以很容易，就是選擇C。 注意選項(xiàng)里很難的選項(xiàng)一般都是用來(lái)迷惑人的，這個(gè)和四六級(jí)很不一樣。
47. [A]Some [B]Many [C]Even [D]Still
注意這兩句話(huà)的開(kāi)頭都是others，那么47重復(fù)了others，我們選什么呢？表示重復(fù)的意思只有still。
48. [A]comes off [B]turns up [C]pays off [D]holds up
這個(gè)空很難，也很容易，因?yàn)殚_(kāi)頭有一個(gè)詞financial ，我們肯定是說(shuō)一個(gè)金融，財(cái)政的問(wèn)題，至于選項(xiàng)的搭配究竟什么意思，我們不一定都認(rèn)識(shí)，可是我們知道一定和錢(qián)有些關(guān)系，所以，選擇C。
49. [A]claims [B]reports [ C] declarations [ D] proclamations
注意前面搭配的是工傷，后面是保險(xiǎn)，那么受傷會(huì)如何呢？ 顯然就是A，求償。
50. [A]an advantage [B]a benefit [C]an interest [D]a profit
最后一個(gè)空和loss成相反的并列關(guān)系，那么只有一個(gè)，就是D。表示利潤(rùn)。
Part IV: English-Chinese Translation
71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In thls search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian' s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process .
72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity ofhistory as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questtons and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 73) During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74 )There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method , " frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy. " Also common in the natural sciences , the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and intemal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
我們來(lái)看翻譯，99年分的題目是考?xì)v史題，那么這個(gè)題目本身的方向就比較晦澀，至于題目要求翻譯的句子也不是很容易處理，尤其有些英語(yǔ)句型本身寫(xiě)的不是很正確或者也有可能是出題者自己專(zhuān)門(mén)設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)刁難學(xué)生的。
71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
注意前半句是一種比喻，最好不要直接翻譯，最好要清楚地表明這句話(huà)本身的意思，前半句其實(shí)要說(shuō)的是對(duì)于歷史學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)，歷史的定義非常多，那么我們直接的翻譯就應(yīng)該符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)的習(xí)慣，可以翻譯為：
對(duì)于歷史的定義，史學(xué)界向來(lái)各執(zhí)己見(jiàn)，眾說(shuō)紛紜，
后半句就比較麻煩，道理在于這句話(huà)的謂語(yǔ)表達(dá)非常羅嗦，most closely conforms to one意思就是與…保持高度的一致，后面再帶一個(gè)從句解釋前面的一個(gè)詞：practice。我們不如直接翻譯為，現(xiàn)代史學(xué)實(shí)踐試圖將歷史看成是….
