第八天:抓住基礎(chǔ) 詞句為先---長(zhǎng)難句子篇之一
由詞而句,這兩天討論長(zhǎng)難句的分類與分析?佳杏⒄Z中的長(zhǎng)難句分類如下:
一、復(fù)合句
When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.
[參考譯文]
當(dāng)藝術(shù)上的一項(xiàng)新運(yùn)動(dòng)達(dá)到一定流行程度時(shí),最好先弄清該運(yùn)動(dòng)倡導(dǎo)者的目的,因?yàn),無論他們的創(chuàng)作原則在今天看來多么牽強(qiáng)、多么荒謬,在未來這些理論有可能會(huì)被視為正常的東西。
二、并列句
While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
[參考譯文]
與你談話時(shí),可能成為你未來老板的人會(huì)考慮你所受的教育、你的經(jīng)歷和你的其他資歷是否在雇傭你以后會(huì)給他帶來好處。你的“資歷”和能力必須有條不紊、合理連貫地展示出來。
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
這也是一個(gè)并列句,包含兩個(gè)分句。第一個(gè)分句的主干是your could-be employer is deciding whether...,其中whether引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語從句whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you;第二個(gè)分句的主干是your “wares” and abilities must be displayed...。 注意:pay sb. to do sth.此處的意思是“做…對(duì)…有利”;“wares”的本義是“商品、貨物”,但在本文中,作者認(rèn)為找工作就是推銷自己,所以結(jié)合本文的背景,wares的意思是“(求職者的)資歷或能力”。
三、定語從句
The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
[參考譯文]
通過雇用大量的職業(yè)人才,這一變化滿足了新時(shí)代的技術(shù)要求,防止了效率下降——在過去,這種效率下降經(jīng)常使家族公司在充滿活力的創(chuàng)業(yè)者之后的第二代或第三代毀掉全部財(cái)產(chǎn)。
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
本句是一個(gè)并列句,以and連接;第一個(gè)分句的主干是The change met the technical requirements...,后面的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)by engaging a large professional element作狀語,說明met the technical requirements of the new age的方式;第二個(gè)分句的主干是(the change) prevented the decline in efficiency,后面的that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾decline in efficiency。注意:engage此處的意思是“雇,聘”。
四、名詞性從句
Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.
[參考譯文]
網(wǎng)絡(luò)文化非常推崇這樣一種理念:出現(xiàn)在用戶屏幕上的信息應(yīng)該是根據(jù)用戶特定要求發(fā)送過來的。
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
本句的主干是Online culture thinks highly of the notion that...,其中notion后面的that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)同位語從句,說明notion的具體內(nèi)容;同位語從句的主干是the information...comes there...,其中flowing onto the screen作定語,修飾the information,句末的by specific request作狀語,修飾come there。
五、狀語從句
Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt tightening.
[參考譯文]
消費(fèi)者們看上去只是有點(diǎn)擔(dān)心,而沒有恐慌,很多消費(fèi)者說盡管他們正在把開支緊縮一點(diǎn),但是他們對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的長(zhǎng)期前景仍然保持樂觀。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]
本句是以and連接的并列句,其中第二個(gè)分句的主干是many say...,say后面的部分是賓語從句,其中還包含一個(gè)as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。
六、特殊結(jié)構(gòu)
Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.
[參考譯文]
也許正是因?yàn)槿祟愰L(zhǎng)期以來遭受旱澇擺布的痛苦,才使他們制服洪水的理想顯得如此令人著迷。
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
這是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,基本結(jié)構(gòu)是it is...suffering...that makes...so fascinating,被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought,其中的中心詞是suffering,有兩個(gè)修飾成分:humankind’s long和at the mercy of flood and drought(受旱澇擺布)都做suffering的定語。suffering這個(gè)詞除了是被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分外,還是后面that引導(dǎo)的從句的主語;在that引導(dǎo)的從句中,ideal做賓語,帶有of引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)名詞短語forcing the waters to do our bidding(讓河水聽我們吩咐)這個(gè)定語;so fascinating做ideal的賓語補(bǔ)語,說明ideal的特點(diǎn)。
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.
[參考譯文]
1980年美國(guó)的人口普查數(shù)據(jù)表明,沒有哪個(gè)地方比美國(guó)最西部更能突出顯示美國(guó)人想尋找更廣闊的生存空間。
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
否定副詞nowhere放在句首,所以句子出現(xiàn)部分倒裝。注意:more 與否定詞nowhere一起使用,相當(dāng)于最高級(jí)。dramatize此處的意思是“突出顯示,使…戲劇化”。
七、分隔結(jié)構(gòu)
With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.
[參考譯文]
然而就未來主義詩歌而言,情況就很難說了,因?yàn)椴还芪磥碇髁x詩歌是什么——即使承認(rèn)其理論基礎(chǔ)是正確的——也很難將其歸為文學(xué)。
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
本句的主干是the case is rather difficult, for... it can hardly be classed as Literature,前面的however表示本句與前一句形成對(duì)比,句首的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)With regard to Futurist poetry作狀語,其中with regard to的意思是“關(guān)于…”;for... it can hardly be classed as Literature是一個(gè)并列分句,表示原因,主干是it can hardly be classed as Literature;for后面的從句whatever Futurist poetry may be表示讓步,作狀語;破折號(hào)之間的部分even admitting that... 也是讓步狀語,其中that 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語從句that the theory... may be right,而從句的主語theory后又帶有定語從句on which it is based。
八、關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)
A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
[參考譯文]
1996年進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)新聞?wù){(diào)查表明,反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽還被貼在其他許多團(tuán)體身上——從主張消滅最后剩下的各種天花病毒的機(jī)構(gòu),到主張減少基礎(chǔ)研究經(jīng)費(fèi)的共和黨人。
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
本句的主干是A survey...reveals that...,主語是survey,謂語是reveals,后面的that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語從句,其主干是:the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well,后面的部分是from和to連接的兩個(gè)名詞:from authorities...to Republicans...,說明other groups的內(nèi)容,而兩個(gè)名詞后面各自帶一個(gè)定語從句,都由who引導(dǎo)。
The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
[參考譯文]
讀者對(duì)新聞媒體令人驚訝的不信任并非源于報(bào)道失實(shí)或報(bào)道技能較差,而是源于記者和讀者之間世界觀的日常沖突。
九、難詞與詞組
Mr. McWhorter’s academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
[參考譯文]
麥克沃特先生的學(xué)術(shù)專長(zhǎng)是語言史和語言變化。舉例來說,他認(rèn)為“whom”一詞的逐漸消失是很自然的,象古英語中詞格結(jié)尾的消失一樣不令人惋惜。
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
本句是一個(gè)并列句,包含兩個(gè)以and連接的分句,其中第二個(gè)分句比較復(fù)雜:賓語是the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example,接著是to be natural and no more regrettable,這一部分作上述賓語的補(bǔ)足語,最后是比較結(jié)構(gòu)no more... than... (象…一樣不…)。
十、指代
“The term ‘a(chǎn)ntiscience’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science, “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”
[參考譯文]
哈佛大學(xué)哲學(xué)教授杰拉爾德·霍爾頓在他1993年出版的《科學(xué)和反科學(xué)》一書中指出:“‘反科學(xué)’一詞把太多很不相同的內(nèi)容混為一談——而這些內(nèi)容只有一點(diǎn)是共同的,那就是它們往往惹惱或者威脅到那些自以為比別人知識(shí)更多的人!
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
本句是一個(gè)直接引語,說話人是Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton,動(dòng)詞note在此處的意思是“指出”。直接引語的第一部分是個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,其中l(wèi)ump together的字面意思是“把…混為一談,把…歸并到一起”。直接引語的第二部分比較復(fù)雜,主干是They have in common only one thing…,that they tend to annoy or threaten those…是同位語從句,說明先行詞one thing的具體內(nèi)容,其中those帶有一個(gè)修飾它的定語從句who regard themselves as more enlightened。這一部分的難點(diǎn)之一是代詞的指代問題:第一個(gè)they指代直接引語第一部分的too many, quite different things,因?yàn)閠hey一般指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞;第二個(gè)they也是一樣;themselves就近指代前面的those,指人。要判斷指代關(guān)系,可以根據(jù)“單復(fù)數(shù)”和“就近原則”等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行,然后將確定的指代對(duì)象代入,看是否通順和合乎邏輯。
在了解長(zhǎng)難句的分類以后,建議將上述句子先分析一下,然后與作者給出的結(jié)構(gòu)分析進(jìn)行對(duì)比,對(duì)主干的把握與作者的分析基本一致就可以了。
今天的結(jié)束語是:First things first(重要的事情先做)。希望大家注意抓句子的主干,因?yàn)樗鼈兂J谴鸢杆鶎?duì)應(yīng)的地方。
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