三、分詞的否定式
分詞或分詞短語表示否定意義時(shí),將not置于分詞之前,不能放在分詞之后。
例句: Equipment not conforming to official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop. (2001年第24題)
分析: 該句是簡單句。not conforming to official safety standards是分詞短語作后置定語修飾equipment。
譯文: 凡是不符合官方安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的設(shè)備都已經(jīng)搬出了車間。
例句: Not having been destroyed by the heavy snow, our houses at last were kept perfect during last winter.
分析: 該句是簡單句。 Not having been destroyed by...在句中作狀語表示原因,相當(dāng)于because our houses had not been destroyed by...。
譯文: 由于沒有遭到大雪的破壞,去年冬天我們的房子最終完好無損。
四、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(Absolute Construction)
分詞作狀語時(shí),分詞的邏輯主語要與句子主語保持一致,即句子的主語便是它的邏輯主語,否則就會(huì)出現(xiàn)懸垂或蕩空結(jié)構(gòu)(前面已講過),但有時(shí)分詞有其獨(dú)立的邏輯主語,即分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致,這就是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
(一)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)公式
邏輯主語A+分詞(短語)+主B謂
在上述公式中,其中(邏輯主語+分詞短語)屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),主謂是一完整句子,兩者位置可以相互調(diào)換,A、B兩主語不一致(A、B由名詞或代詞充當(dāng),有時(shí)也可在邏輯主語A前加上介詞with或without),如前面所述例句。
例句: All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.
分析: All flights...the snowstorm是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)部分, we decided...為一完整句子, all flights和we所指不一樣,即分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致。另外,公式中分詞短語也可用不定式、形容詞等來代替。
(二)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)具體構(gòu)成
1. 邏輯主語+分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞)
例句: The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other. (1996年第5題)
分析: 該句是簡單句。分詞each making...在句中作同位語,對two news reports做進(jìn)一步解釋,可以改成...two news reports, and each makes...。
譯文: 本文開頭和結(jié)尾描述了兩則新聞報(bào)道,每則都各有一個(gè)與另一則相對立的論點(diǎn)。
例句: A new technique worked out, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
分析: 該句是簡單句,A new technique worked out是一獨(dú)立主格,在句中作狀語表示原因,可改為because a new technique had been worked out。
譯文: 由于進(jìn)行了技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,整個(gè)產(chǎn)量增加了20%。
2. 邏輯主語+介詞短語
例句: Mr. Chen stood there, (with)a cap on his head.
分析: 該句是簡單句。(with)a cap on his head在句中作狀語表示伴隨,相當(dāng)于and a cap was on his head.
譯文: 陳先生站在那里,頭上戴了一頂帽子。
3. with/without+邏輯主語+分詞
例句: Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program turns out.(1997年第7題)
分析: 該句是并列句。其中with each new phone added to the system相當(dāng)于because each new phone has been added...。so does...為一倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),表示前面所陳述情況適合于后者。
譯文: 正像網(wǎng)絡(luò)電話的價(jià)值隨著每一部新電話進(jìn)入系統(tǒng)而提高一樣,電腦系統(tǒng)的價(jià)值也隨著每一個(gè)軟件的開發(fā)而提高。
例句: With prices fluctuating so much, its hard for the company to plan a budget.
分析: 該句是簡單句。With prices fluctuating so much在句中作狀語表示原因,相當(dāng)于because/since/as prices fluctuate so much。
譯文: 由于價(jià)格波動(dòng)太大,公司難以做出預(yù)算。
例句: Without anything left in the kitchen, he had to go out to get something to eat.
分析: 該句是簡單句,Without anything left in the kitchen在句中作狀語表示原因,相當(dāng)于because there were not anything left in the kitchen。
譯文: 由于廚房里什么都沒有,他不得不出去找吃的。
例句: When I came to my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with grandma bending over me. (2000年第28題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)with grandma bending over me在句中作狀語表示伴隨,相當(dāng)于and grandma bent over me。
譯文: 當(dāng)我蘇醒過來時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)自己躺在那間小房子的床上,身上被蓋得嚴(yán)嚴(yán)實(shí)實(shí)的,奶奶正俯身注視著我。
例句: For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savingaccount model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. (選自2007年Text 3)
分析: 該句是簡單句。主干部分為President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savingaccount model,其中不定式to move...model作目的狀語,with retirees trading much or all of...在句中作同位語,對前面名詞model做補(bǔ)充說明,相當(dāng)于and retirees traded much or all of...,分詞短語depending on investment returns作定語修飾payments。
譯文: 在過去這些年里,布什總統(tǒng)一直在推動(dòng)一場運(yùn)動(dòng),試圖將社會(huì)保障體制改革成儲(chǔ)蓄賬號模式,就是讓退休人員用其所得到的大部分或全部退休金換取由投資所帶來的收益。
4. 邏輯主語+不定式
例句: The football game ended with Chinese team defeated, the details to be reported this afternoon.
分析: 該句是簡單句。the details to be reported this afternoon在句中作狀語表示伴隨,相當(dāng)于and the details were to be...。
譯文: 足球比賽以中國隊(duì)失敗而告終,詳細(xì)情況會(huì)在下午公布。
5. 邏輯主語+形容詞/副詞
例句: Teachers and students stared at each other, their eyes full of doubt.
分析: 該句是簡單句。their eyes full of doubt在句中作狀語表示伴隨,相當(dāng)于and their eyes were full of doubt。
譯文: 師生們互相注視著,滿臉狐疑。
例句: Breakfast over, students went out the diningroom one by one.
分析: 該句是簡單句。breakfast over在句中作狀語表示時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于When/After breakfast was over.
譯文: 早飯結(jié)束后,學(xué)生們相繼走出餐廳。
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