(三)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)用法
1. 表示時(shí)間
例句: The heavy rain being over, the soldiers went on their way. (When/After the heavy rain was over...)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。the heavy rain being over在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間。
譯文: 大雨過(guò)后,士兵們繼續(xù)趕路。
2. 表示原因
例句: An important lecture to be given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. (Because an important lecture is to be given tomorrow,...)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。an important lecture to be given tomorrow在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示原因。
譯文: 因?yàn)槊魈煲l(fā)表一個(gè)重要的演講,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
3. 表示條件
例句: Everything taken into consideration, her plan seems more practicable. (If everything is taken into consideration,...)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。Everything taken into consideration在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示條件。
譯文: 如果把一切都考慮進(jìn)去,她的計(jì)劃似乎更可行。
4.表示伴隨
例句: A large quantity of goldenfish were quietly swimming at the bottom of the lake, their tails swinging back and forth like the pendulum of a clock. (..., and their tails were swinging...)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。their tails swinging...a clock在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示伴隨。
譯文: 一群群金魚(yú)在湖底靜靜地游著,它們的尾巴好似鐘擺一樣前后搖晃。
5.表示同位語(yǔ)(表示對(duì)前面名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋)
例句: Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. (Good news was...prematurely; the British recapture of the port was announced half a day...)(2001年第2題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。with the British recapture of the port announced half a day在句中作news的同位語(yǔ),對(duì)它做補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。
譯文: 好消息有時(shí)是提前發(fā)布的,在防御部隊(duì)真正投降的半天前,英國(guó)人就宣布已奪回港口。
6.表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明
例句: There were 30 entrants for this oral English competition, the youngest being a girl of 10.(..., and the youngest was...)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。the youngest being a girl of 10在句中對(duì)entrants做進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。
譯文: 參加這次英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)比賽的有30名選手,其中最小的是一位10歲的小女孩。
由此可見(jiàn),獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)和狀語(yǔ)從句可互相轉(zhuǎn)換,方法是首先在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)前加上相應(yīng)的連詞,其次把獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的分詞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,反之亦然。
(四)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)
(1)不是句子(因?yàn)樗蛇壿嬛髡Z(yǔ)+分詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成,分詞短語(yǔ)屬于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞);
(2)可在句中作狀語(yǔ)(是分詞作狀語(yǔ)的一個(gè)特殊情況);
(3) 兩邊主語(yǔ)不一致(即獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子主語(yǔ)不一致)。
(五)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的做題步驟
先看例題:
Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work, we declined
the offer.
A.not being finished B.not having finished
C.had not been finished D.was not finished
譯文: 沃特離開(kāi)辦公室時(shí)邀請(qǐng)我們搭他的便車,但由于我們工作未完成,于是就謝絕了他的好意。
分析: 該題屬于并列復(fù)合句。從對(duì)本題的分析,可以體會(huì)出語(yǔ)法在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)方面至關(guān)重要,分析方法如下:
方法一:從題干可以看出,but前一分句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,由于but連接兩個(gè)并列句!皁ur work”應(yīng)該是從句,但其前沒(méi)有連詞,因此它只能在句中作一成分,于是排除C,D選項(xiàng)。另外,由于工作與完成之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,也就可以排除B選項(xiàng),因?yàn)锽選項(xiàng)為現(xiàn)在分詞完成式,表示主動(dòng),由此得出答案為A選項(xiàng)。
方法二:從but后一句中我們可以從句意判斷“我們拒絕搭車”是由于工作未完成,因此“our work”在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示原因,由于其前省略連詞,而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)完全符合這一表達(dá)形式,即“邏輯主語(yǔ)A+分詞(短語(yǔ))+主B謂”結(jié)構(gòu)。句中our work為分詞not being finished的邏輯主語(yǔ),如果在but后加一連詞because/as或在we declined the offer前加一連詞so,那么正確答案則為D項(xiàng),因此整個(gè)句子相等于Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but because/as our work was not finished, we declined the offer.
所以獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)為:
1.表面上看似并列句;
2.從語(yǔ)意上判斷卻有著某些方面的主從關(guān)系;
3. 沒(méi)有表示主從關(guān)系的關(guān)系詞。
利用這些特點(diǎn),我們不難得出下述選擇題的正確選項(xiàng):
, we have to adopt new measures to solve the problem.
A. So is the situation B.That being the case
C. That is the case D.The situation is so
譯文: 如果情況是這樣,那么我們就不得不采取新的措施來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
分析: 由題干可看出,橫線中要填的句子內(nèi)容和句子we have to...似乎為兩并列句,但從句意上判斷,表面上的兩并列句其實(shí)隱含著某些方面的主從關(guān)系,表原因或條件,但卻沒(méi)有表原因的關(guān)系詞because,since,as或so,也沒(méi)有表?xiàng)l件的if,所以橫線上要填的應(yīng)是句子的成分,而不是一個(gè)完整的句子,故選B。(相當(dāng)于Because/If that is the case,we...)
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