2013中小學(xué)英語教師招聘基礎(chǔ)知識復(fù)習(xí)資料3

　　第一篇 詞法

　　三、 代詞

　　(一) 知識概要

　　英語中代詞可以分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞�！∪朔Q代詞主要有主格和賓格之別。請看下表

　　人稱 我 你 他 她 它 我們 你們 他們

　　主格 i you he she it we you they

　　賓格 me you him her it us you them

　　物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。請看下表��

　　人稱 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我們的 你們的 他們的

　　形容詞性 my your his her its ours your they

　　名詞性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs

　　反身代詞可見下表

　　人稱 我 你 他 她 它 我們 你們 他們

　　反身代詞 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourself themselves

　　指示代詞主要有this, that, these, those

　　疑問代詞有：who, whom whose, what, which,

　　還有疑問副詞when, how, where, why。

　　不定代詞在初中課本中主要有some, any， many, much, each, neither, other, another, all, both, one, none, either…

　　(二) 正誤辨析

　　[誤]Tom's mother is taller than my.

　　[正]Tom's mother is taller than mine.

　　[析]形容詞性物主代詞可以作定語，也就是講它可以作形容詞，如：my book，而這句話的意思是：湯姆的媽媽比我的媽媽高。比較的對象是my mother,也就是mine。

　　[誤]We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish them.

　　[正]We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish it.

　　[析]在應(yīng)用代詞時，要注意人稱，格與數(shù)的一致性。這里it所代替的是不可數(shù)名詞homework， 所以應(yīng)用it。

　　[誤]He and you should go to the library to return the books.

　　[正]You and he should go to the library to return the books.

　　[析]這主要是英語習(xí)慣上的用法。當(dāng)兩個以上的人稱代詞并列時其排列順序一般為you, he, she, I,而復(fù)數(shù)時為we, you， they:如男女并列時，應(yīng)先男后女，如：He and she …如果在表示不好意思，承擔(dān)責(zé)任時，單數(shù)時用，I, he, she, you, 復(fù)數(shù)時用They, you， we, 如：Tom and I are good friends.

　　You, he and I must go to play the game for our team this afternoon.

　　We, you and they have been there before.

　　I, he and you have to pay for it.

　　[誤]He or his brother is doing their homework.

　　[正]He or his brother is doing his homework.

　　[析]由either…or, neither…nor, or 連接兩個主語時，如果兩主語是單數(shù)時，用單數(shù)代詞，如兩主語是復(fù)數(shù)時，用復(fù)數(shù)代詞，如：Either teachers or students want to do their best to help the old man.如是一單一復(fù)兩名詞時，一般將單數(shù)名詞放在前，復(fù)數(shù)名詞放在后，要用復(fù)數(shù)代詞，如：The teacher or his students will clean their classroom together.

　　[誤]His brother is taller than him.

　　[正]His brother is taller than he.

　　[析]than是連詞，其后應(yīng)視為省略句，than he is.所以要注意區(qū)分其主格與賓格的用法。

　　I like you as much as she.

　　[正]I like you as much as her.

　　[析]as…as 其后也應(yīng)看作是省略句。應(yīng)為as I like her.所以應(yīng)用賓格。而第一句應(yīng)譯為我像她那樣喜歡你。兩句語法都是對的但含義不同。

　　[誤]Myself did it yesterday.

　　[正]I myself did it yesterday.

　　[正]I did it myself yesterday.

　　[析]反身代詞不可作主語，但可以用作主語的同位語。

　　[誤]Take care of ourselves.

　　[正]Take care of yourselves .(yourself)

　　[析]祈始句的主語應(yīng)看作第二人稱you.

　　[誤]Please bring your daughter with yourself.

　　[正]Please bring your daughter with you.

　　[析]反身代詞不能作介詞賓語，除非是由不及物動詞與介詞組成的動詞短語，如： The old woman spoke to herself.

　　[誤]Make yourself home.

　　[正]Make yourself at home.

　　[析]這是英語中的習(xí)慣用法，意為“像在家里一樣”。這樣的用法還有：

　　enjoy oneself 玩得開心make yourself at home 像在家中一樣

　　help yourself to something 自己拿某物lost oneself 迷路

　　seat oneself 就坐dress oneself 穿衣

　　[誤]—　Who's this speaking.—　That's Mary.

　　[正]—　Who's that speaking.—　This is Mary.

　　[析]在電話用語中，this指講話人自己，而that指對方。

　　[誤]The days in summer are longer than this in winter.

　　[正]The days in summer are longer than those in winter.

　　[析]在比較句中往往為了避免重復(fù)，可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物，如是單數(shù)時用that,復(fù)數(shù)時用those，如：The weather in Beijing is hotter than that in Chang Chun.

　　[誤]It is so a good book that everyone likes to read.

　　[正]It is such a good book that everyone likes to read.

　　[正]It is so good a book that everyone likes to read.

　　[析]在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時可用so+形容詞+不定冠詞+名詞+that從句，也可用such+不定冠詞+形容詞+that從句。在不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 時，只用such, 如：It is such good weather that I want to go swimming. They are such good books that I want to buy them all.在many, much, few, little這4個詞前僅能用so,如： She has so much money that she can buy everything she wants.而在so與that之間僅存形容詞時，則不能用such,如:She is so sweet that everyone likes her.

　　[誤]I want to buy a same dictionary as yours.

　　[正]I want to buy the same dictionary as yours.

　　[析]same與定冠詞the是固定搭配不可更改。這樣的用法還有all the same(仍然)。

　　[誤]—　I hope she might pass the exam.—　I don't hope so.

　　[正]—　I hope she might pass the exam.—　I hope not.

　　[析]在作肯定回答時，I think so. I hope so. I believe so.但作否定回答時為：I don't think so. I hope/believe not.

　　[誤]—　He studied very hard this term.— So she did.

　　[正]— He studied very hard this term.— So did she.

　　[誤]— English is difficult to learn.— So is it.

　　[正]— English is difficult to learn.— So it is.

　　[析]在對話中如果某一動作同時適用于兩個主語，這時在答語中要用縮寫且要用倒裝句。如第一組句，即studied hard既適用于he,也適用于she.但答語僅僅是對前句的重復(fù)，即僅僅是第一句的縮寫時則不要用倒裝句。如第二組句子為：英語難學(xué)。答語為：是的，難 學(xué)。這時縮寫的答語不要用倒裝句。

　　[誤]Everyone should do one's best.

　　[正]Everyone should do his best.

　　[析]one作代詞時，它的復(fù)數(shù)形式是ones,所有格形式是one's，反身代詞為oneself.如果講One should do one's best.則是對句。如果one與別的詞組成其他詞，如： someone, anyone, everyone或only one 則要用his/her，來作其所有格形式。

　　[誤]— Who won the game?— None.

　　[正]— Who won the game?— No one.

　　[析]由who提問的句子的否定回答中的簡略說法是no one,而由How many提問的句子的否定回答中的簡略語是None.如：How many books are there? None.

　　[誤]There are many trees on either sides of the street.

　　[正]There are many trees on either side of the street.

　　[正]There are many trees on both sides of the street.

　　[析]either作代詞時由兩個含意，其一是兩者中隨便哪一個，如：You can take either.其二是兩者中的每一個。但要注意的是either后要加單數(shù)名詞，如果作主語則謂語動詞也要用單數(shù)形式。

　　[誤]Either you or I are right.

　　[正]Either you or I am right.

　　[析]在either…or,或neither…nor連接兩個主語時，其謂語動詞要與和其相近的那個主語相配。

　　[誤]I have three sisters. Neither of them is a doctor.

　　[正]I have three sisters. None of them is a doctor.

　　[析]neither用于兩者中無一是，而none則用于多于兩者中的人或事物無一是。

　　[誤]He doesn't like Beijing opera. I don't like too.

　　[正]He doesn't like Beijing opera, I don't like either.

　　[析]either作為“也”講時，要用于否定句中，而too則用于肯定句中。

　　[誤]We like both this little boy.

　　[正]We both like this little boy.

　　[析]both作同位語時，它在句中的位置有：在be動詞之后，如：We are both students.在實意動詞之前，如：The parents both want to go to the cinema.用于第一助動詞之后，如：We have both read these English novels.使用時要注意以下句子的實際含意：Both of us are not right.應(yīng)譯為：我們倆不都對。Neither of us is right.才應(yīng)譯為：我倆都不對。又如：I can't give you both of the books.意為：兩本書我不能全給你，而I can't give you either of the books.才為：兩本書我全不能給你。

　　[誤]We each has a ticket for the concert.

　　[正]We each have a ticket for the concert.

　　[析]each作句子主語時其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式，如：Each of us wants to learn English well，但each作同位語時，則應(yīng)以原名詞的數(shù)為準(zhǔn)。

　　[誤]Every of us has to pass the exam.

　　[正]Each of us has to pass the exam.

　　[析]every只可作形容詞，不可作代詞，而each既可作形容詞，又可作代詞，在作形容詞時each側(cè)重強(qiáng)調(diào)個體，而every 則側(cè)重于全體。

　　[誤]Everyone of us should do housework two hours a day.

　　[正]Every one of us should do housework two hours a day.

　　[析]everyone不可與of結(jié)構(gòu)相連接使用，而every one則可以這樣用。

　　[誤]I should read English everyday.

　　[正]I should read English every day.

　　[析]要注意的是every day是“每天”，而everyday則是形容詞為“日常的”。如：everyday English日常英語，everyday life日常生活。

　　[誤]There are trees on every sides of the street.

　　[正]There are trees on each side of the street.

　　[析]every用于三者或三者以上的每一個，而each用于二者或二者以上的每一個。因為街道只有兩側(cè)，所以只能用each而不能用every.

　　[誤]All my parents are engineers.

　　[正]Both my parents are engineers.

　　[析]all用于三者或三者以上的全部，而both 則用于兩者的全部。

　　[誤]All of students might make some mistakes.

　　[正]All of the students might make some mistakes.

　　[正]All students might make some mistakes.

　　[析]非特指的名詞前可用all但不可用all of結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是講all of結(jié)構(gòu)后面的名詞前一定要有定冠詞。其他與all有關(guān)的習(xí)慣用法還有：

　　all the year round, all week, all day, all winter

　　[誤]The all village was flooded.

　　[正]All the village was flooded.

　　[析]all作修飾語時要用在所有修飾詞之前。

　　[誤]The post office is on other side of the street.

　　[正]The post office is on the other side of the street.

　　[析]單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞如在泛指某一個時用another,而特指時則要用the other,因街道只有兩邊，而不在這邊必定是在另一邊，所以要用特指。請參考下表的用法以便于記憶。

　　單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)

　　泛指 another形容詞 作定語 作名詞

　　another代詞 other others

　　特指 the other形容詞

　　the other代詞

　　the other the others

　　[誤]There are ten students here Where are the others students?

　　[正]There are ten students here.Where are the others?

　　[正]There are ten students here Where are the other students?

　　[析]the others=the other students.

　　[誤]The old man has two sons. One is a teacher, another is a doctor.

　　[正]The old man has two sons. One is a teacher, the other is a doctor.

　　[析]another用于泛指，如：Is it far from here to the station?I'm sorry. I have no idea. One may say it is quite near; another may say it is far from here.但在特指時則要用the other.它可以用作定語，the other one,也可以用作代詞the other,但the other用作代詞時它的含意一定是單數(shù)。如果指三者或者三者以上的情況時，則要用one…another…the other.或者one…a second…the third…

　　[誤]Some people like sports. The others like reading.

　　[正]Some people like sports. Others like reading.

　　[析]在泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前用some…others…others…來表示某些人……某些人……某些人……。

　　[誤]Please remember to water the flowers each other day.

　　[正]Please remember to water the flowers every other day.

　　[析]every other day為每隔一天。是習(xí)慣用法，不要隨意改動。又如：on the other hand另一方面。

　　[誤]Many know him， but few likes him.

　　[正]Many know him, but few like him.

　　[析]few用于可數(shù)名詞，意為幾乎沒有，但few作主語時謂語動詞則要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，而a few為有一些。

　　[誤]You have few friends, haven't you?

　　[正]You have few friends, have you?

　　[析]little與few用于句中時，均要按否定句看待。

　　[誤]Much of what you said are true.

　　[正]Much of what you said is true.

　　[析]much用于不可數(shù)名詞，作主語時用單數(shù)謂語動詞。而many用于可數(shù)名詞，它作主語時用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語動詞。

　　[誤]This room is enough large for the students to live in.

　　[正]This room is large enough for the students to live in.

　　[析]enough 可以用作代詞，如：There is enough of the food. 又如：Enough has been done for the work，但enough 還可以作形容詞來修飾名詞，這時enough可以放在名詞之前，也可放在名詞之后，如：money enough 與enough money都是對的。但當(dāng)enough作副詞修飾形容詞時，則只能置于形容詞之后了。

　　[誤]I want any books to read. Do you have any?

　　[正]I want some books to read. Do you have any?

　　[析]按照語法any用于疑問句和否定句，而some用于肯定句。

　　[誤]Would you like any thing to drink?

　　[正]Would you like something to drink?

　　[析]在由would you like發(fā)出的問句中，表達(dá)了說話者真心實意要為對方提供些飲料，或在說話者想得到對方的肯定答復(fù)時，在疑問句中要用some而不用any。

　　[誤]Someone want to meet you.

　　[正]Someone wants to meet you.

　　[析]不定代詞應(yīng)被看作單數(shù)，即使用and連接兩個不定代詞，也要看作單數(shù)，如：　Anyone and everyone has the right. 任何人，每一個人都有這樣的權(quán)力。

　　[誤]New York is much colder in winter than before.

　　[正]It is much colder in New York in winter than before.

　　[析]it常常用在英文的句子中來代表時間、距離、天氣、自然現(xiàn)象，或用在句中作形式主語或賓語，如：

　　It is ten o'clock now. (代時間)

　　It is far from here to the airport. (代距離)

　　It is very hot.(代天氣)

　　It is very difficult to learn English well. (作形式主語)

　　We found it very difficult to answer the question. (作形式賓語)

　　[誤]Be careful. Don't drink too many.

　　[正]Be careful. Don't drink too much.

　　[析]這里much所代的應(yīng)是飲料或水，所以應(yīng)為不可數(shù)名詞。

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