完形填空是考查語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和語(yǔ)篇水平的綜合測(cè)試方式。要求考生具有一定的閱讀理解能力，扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，同時(shí)對(duì)各類詞法、句法、上下文邏輯關(guān)系、語(yǔ)義搭配以及寫作技巧等還需具有較強(qiáng)的運(yùn)用能力。選擇完形填空與單句選擇填空在形式上相似，但考查的內(nèi)容卻包括詞匯、語(yǔ)法、閱讀和寫作等各方面的應(yīng)用能力。
第一單元 完形填空測(cè)試要點(diǎn)
從干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)看，近幾年完形填空大體有以下特點(diǎn):
1． 搭配題
1) 名詞與介詞的搭配，如95年的answers to ( answers __88__the more difficult ones)；
2) 形容詞和介詞的搭配 be confident in ( the ones __85__which they are most confident)；
3) 動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配，如97年的take sth for granted (Take it __69__ granted that he likes everything),98年的judge …from (We judge race usually __62__ the colouring of the skin), get to work ( before __82__ to work) 和 adapt to ( the easier it will be for them to _____ to the new environment)；
4) 動(dòng)詞和名詞的搭配，如98年的 take step ( there may be one more step they have to ___81___ before registering for classes and ___82__ to work)��；
5) 副詞與分詞的搭配,如98年的well prepared (they may also take one of more examinations that test how _73__ prepared they are for the university)等等。
這些都是常用的固定搭配,考生只要平時(shí)多加注意，在考試中便可輕松應(yīng)對(duì)�！�
2．短語(yǔ)
另外一類比較簡(jiǎn)單的選項(xiàng)為短語(yǔ)，這些也大都是約定俗成的，如95年的take place，come from，97年的have an idea, come back, 98年的in the past, 2000年的learn by heart�！�
3．上下文線索
名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞的選擇題中，大多情況下是四個(gè)選項(xiàng)沒有任何聯(lián)系，語(yǔ)義差別也比較大，選擇時(shí)需根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行語(yǔ)意方面的判斷，多數(shù)情況下，上下文中有同現(xiàn)和復(fù)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象，考生應(yīng)注意利用這些提示�！�
第二單元 完形填空解題技巧 (一)注意詞匯知識(shí)的運(yùn)用
完形填空中對(duì)詞的考查以實(shí)詞為主，如形容詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞等。其中有相當(dāng)一部分詞匯題中各個(gè)選項(xiàng)之間并無(wú)大的聯(lián)系。這類題要求考生應(yīng)從上下文的語(yǔ)義入手，根據(jù)各選項(xiàng)單詞的意思和結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行選擇�！�
1． 注意動(dòng)詞自身的結(jié)構(gòu)功能
對(duì)動(dòng)詞來(lái)說(shuō)，一般從兩點(diǎn)設(shè)干擾項(xiàng)，一是動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)功能，如能不能接賓語(yǔ)，接什么樣的賓語(yǔ)，能不能接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)；二是上下文的語(yǔ)義要求。有相當(dāng)部分選擇題考生只從結(jié)構(gòu)上就可做出正確的判斷。 如：
① Individuals of every race __76__ civilization to go backward or forward.
76. A. make B. cause C. move D. turn
根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的句法功能可以判斷答案為B�！�
② Some high school students may be __76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university.
76. A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
根據(jù)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的句法功能可以排除A，B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)。從常識(shí)來(lái)看，大學(xué)招生時(shí)的面試是一項(xiàng)"要求"，而非一項(xiàng)"命令"，所以答案為D。
2． 注意分析動(dòng)詞所包含的肯定/否定含義與上下文的關(guān)系
在做動(dòng)詞選擇題時(shí)，除觀察動(dòng)詞自身的結(jié)構(gòu)功能之外，還應(yīng)注意其語(yǔ)義特點(diǎn)，比如，有的單詞含有肯定含義，有的卻有否定的含義。考生可借助這一特點(diǎn)，分析具體的上下文。如：
Do not talk too much to the child __75_ meal times, but let him get on with his food, and do not _76__ him to leave table immediately after a meal or he will __77__learn to swallow his food __78__ he can hurry back to his toys.
75. A. on B. over C. by D. during
76. A. agree B. allow C. force D. persuade
77. A. hurriedly B. soon C. fast D. slowly
78. A. so B. until C. lest D. although
76題動(dòng)詞的選擇依賴于上下句意思的需要。從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的結(jié)構(gòu)功能來(lái)看，A不對(duì)，因?yàn)閍gree后不能接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。從語(yǔ)意角度來(lái)看，A，B包含否定的含義，C，D包含肯定的含義。"不同意/允許孩子馬上離開"即阻止孩子離開， 而"不強(qiáng)迫/說(shuō)服孩子馬上離開"即允許孩子離開，只是不采用強(qiáng)制的手段。根據(jù)下文"否則孩子會(huì)養(yǎng)成狼吞虎咽的習(xí)慣以便盡快地回去玩自己的玩具"，答案應(yīng)是B。可見，動(dòng)詞的選擇不僅應(yīng)看其句法功能，還需根據(jù)上下文確定其語(yǔ)義要求�！�
3．注意分析上下文的情景
結(jié)構(gòu)是為意思服務(wù)的，在完形填空中大部分選項(xiàng)只看動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)功能是很難判斷的，考生應(yīng)注意分析上下文的情景。對(duì)于行為動(dòng)詞的選擇應(yīng)想象當(dāng)時(shí)所發(fā)生的事情，根據(jù)"目睹的所發(fā)生的事情"進(jìn)行選擇。如：
�、邸he plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and __71__ the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly __72__ forward.
71. A. although B. while C. therefore D. then
72. A. shifted B. thrown C. put D. moved
雖然72中的四個(gè)動(dòng)詞都能與forward.搭配，但根據(jù)飛機(jī)在空中如此顛簸的情況，乘客應(yīng)該是被"拋向前方"。另外，shift一般還表示左右搖擺為多，put forward一般做"提出(建議)"解，move forward是"向前移動(dòng)"可能是乘客從座位上走下來(lái)，向前漫漫移動(dòng)，與當(dāng)時(shí)飛機(jī)上的情形不符�！�
4． 注意上下句的聯(lián)系，不要孤立地根據(jù)一句進(jìn)行判斷
完形填空不同于"詞匯語(yǔ)法填空"之處就于，在完形填空所依賴的上下文比詞匯語(yǔ)法填空要大的多。在做完形填空時(shí)，考生必胱邢岡畝遼舷攣�，敲{豢芍黃疽瘓淶奶崾窘信卸稀Ｈ紓骸?BR> It later became a custom to write directions on small cards, or "etiquette", as to how visitors should dress themselves and ___81__ during an important ceremony at the royal court. (Thus) the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow.
81. A. act B. prepare C. respond D. follow
該題中四個(gè)選項(xiàng)意思差別很大，也沒有結(jié)構(gòu)上的特殊要求，只能根據(jù)上下文的意思確定選項(xiàng)。本句所處短文所要說(shuō)明的是詞語(yǔ)的演變問題。該句所表達(dá)的是在法語(yǔ)中"etiquette"是一種卡片，用來(lái)書寫提示，提示客人應(yīng)該穿什么衣服，以及在儀式上應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)，即言談舉止應(yīng)注意的問題，再結(jié)合下文的to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow可以判斷本題答案應(yīng)是A�！�
5． 注意詞匯與話題的同現(xiàn)
每個(gè)單詞都有其適應(yīng)的空間，其適合的話題，與同一話題相連的單詞就構(gòu)成了一個(gè)以話題為中心的詞匯鏈。在做完形填空時(shí)考生可以借助詞匯鏈的知識(shí)幫助完成選擇。如
I have no doubt that (virtually) all of these people were __74__ in school that the earth revolves around the sun; (they) may even have written it(on)a test.
74. A. learned B. suggested C. taught D. advised
與學(xué)校這個(gè)話題相連的動(dòng)詞很多，如teach, learn, study, attend, leave, take, drop out, dismiss等等。根據(jù)本題四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)和74處被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用，考生可以輕松地判斷答案為C。
6. 注意介詞的表意功能和搭配功能
完形填空中涉及到介詞選擇的有兩種：一種是常用介詞的基本用法；另一種是與介詞有關(guān)的搭配，測(cè)試中以搭配居多，也有部分常用介詞用法的考查。在做這類考題時(shí)將介詞選項(xiàng)的表意功能與上下文結(jié)合起來(lái)即可�！∪纾骸�
�、佟e may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error.
84. A. of B. with C. to D. as
"科學(xué)的理論"，of表示"有關(guān)"�！�
�、凇ome geography books focus on a small area __77__ a town or city.
77. A. outside B. as C. except D. like
四個(gè)介詞無(wú)任何相同之處，意思差別很大，根據(jù)a small area和 town city之間的列舉關(guān)系，答案應(yīng)是D�！�
�、邸 geographer might be described __85_ one who observes, records, and explains the differences between places.
85. A. for B. as C. to D. by
表示"作為"的介詞是as�！�
�、堋hey read over the questions __83__ trying to answer any of them.
83. A. after B. besides C. before D. against
閱讀問題和回答問題之間所存在的是時(shí)間上的前后問題，自然是先閱讀問題后回答，所以答案為C�！�
⑤ People see the "sun" moving __80__ the sky as morning turns to night, and the earth seems stationary (while) that is happening.
80. A. around B. across C. on D. above
太陽(yáng)由東向西劃過(guò)天空，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有B，能表示"從一邊到另一邊"，答案應(yīng)是B�！�
7． 根據(jù)代詞在上下文中的替代作用選擇適當(dāng)?shù)拇~
就代詞而言，重點(diǎn)是看其在上下文中的替代作用，同時(shí)要特別注意that,one等的運(yùn)用。如：
�、佟he foreign research scholar usually isolates __76_ in the laboratory as a means of protection.
76. A. himself B. him C. oneself D. one
這是反身代詞的一般用法，句子主語(yǔ)不是泛指的one，C不對(duì)，答案為A。
�、凇hat he needs is to be fitted with a highly organized university system quite different from __79__ at home.
79. A. those B. what C. which D. that
根據(jù)所對(duì)比的內(nèi)容"university system"，可以判斷，79所代替的是可數(shù)單數(shù)特指，說(shuō)明答案應(yīng)是D。
�、邸ever asks a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never _66__ else to do so.
66. A. everybody B. anybody C. somebody D. nobody
本句為否定句，因此應(yīng)選擇非斷定詞，即答案為B�！�
�、堋t meal times it is a good idea to give a child a small portion and let him come back for a second helping rather than give him as __74__ as he is likely to eat all at once.
74. A. much B. little C. few D. many
本句所談?wù)摰氖且活D飯應(yīng)該讓孩子吃多少，從這一點(diǎn)上來(lái)講，量的表達(dá)應(yīng)用不可數(shù)代詞，C，D可以排除。從上文中的a small portion來(lái)看，這里所要表達(dá)是"而不是孩子想吃多少就讓他吃多少"， 即 as much as he is likely to eat， 答案為A。
