8． 注意詞語的搭配，根據(jù)搭配選擇正確答案
(1) 注意常用短語動詞的辨認(rèn)
動詞是構(gòu)成句子必不可少的成分，作為謂語動詞的一部分，短語動詞也是十分活躍的成分，在完形填空的考查中占有一定的比重。這類短語有兩種考查方式。一是，四個選項中只有一個搭配是正確的，這是最簡單的一種；另一種是，四個選項的搭配不只一個正確，這時考生需借助于上下文語義做出適當(dāng)?shù)呐袛�。試看以下各例：�?BR> ① The man who (invented) the machines of the Industrial Revolution __76__ from many backgrounds and many occupations.
76. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
該題選項中只有一個可與from搭配，即A�！�
�、凇t meal times it is a good (idea) to give a child a small portion and let him _73__ back for a second helping rather than give him as (much) as he is likely to eat all at once.
73. A. ask B. come C. return D. take
從搭配上而言，B，D都是正確的，但take back表示"收回前言，承認(rèn)自己是錯誤的"，與本題語義不符。這里只表示"回來"，所以答案是B�！�
③ The word geography __74_ from two Greek words.
74. A. falls B. results C. removes D. comes
該題可有兩個正確的搭配，但result from表示"起因于"，而這里表示的是單詞的來源，答案應(yīng)該是D�！�
(2) 注意動詞與名詞、介詞和副詞的搭配功能
�、佟he initial effort to recall __77__ the mind for operation.
77. A. leads B. begins C. helps D. prepares
本題答案為D，prepare …for表示"使……做好……準(zhǔn)備"�！�
② The more knowledge students have (about) the school, the easier it will be for them to __90__ to the new environment.
90. A. fit B. suit C. yield D. adapt
使自己適應(yīng)新的環(huán)境應(yīng)是adapt oneself to �！�
�、邸ut they will also __72__ beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a (whole).
72. A. pass B. reach C. come D. go
本題中跟與beyond搭配的只有選項D�！�
�、堋e is faced in his daily work __80__ differences in philosophy, arrangements of courses and methods of teaching.
A. toward B. with C. to D. at
與be faced搭配的介詞是with�！�
�、荨ut (if) you were to remove the skin you could not __64__ anything about the race to which the individual belonged.
64.A speak B. talk C. tell D. mention
從搭配功能上講，只有tell可接something about。
(3)注意形容詞與名詞的搭配
These highways generally (connect) large urban centers which means that they become crowded with ___78_ traffic during rush hours.
78. A. large B. fast C. light D. heavy
用來修飾traffic的有l(wèi)ight/heavy。根據(jù)上文中crowded和下文rush hours可以判斷這里的正確搭配應(yīng)是heavy traffic�！�
(4) 注意名詞與介詞的搭配
名詞與介詞所構(gòu)成的固定搭配是一種常見的語言形式，也是英語完形填空測試中經(jīng)常涉及的題點。對于這類搭配，考生只要平時注意識記即可。
�、佟ut they also (go) beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a __73__.
73. A. whole B. part C. unit D. total
本題答案為A，構(gòu)成as a whole的搭配，意為"作為整體"�！�
�、凇y the time the easier questions are answered, answers _88__ the more difficult ones will usually come into the consciousness.
88. A. to B. of C. about D. for
本題所考查的實際上是名詞與介詞的搭配，答案為A�！�
(5)注意形容詞與介詞的搭配
① Even if a grade is not given, the student is __77__ for learning the material assigned.
77. A. criticized B. innocent C. responsible D. dismissed
從搭配能力上來看，A，D結(jié)構(gòu)也是正確的，但語義與上下文不和。答案應(yīng)是C, be responsible for 表示"對……負(fù)責(zé)"，而上下文所講的正是"學(xué)生應(yīng)該對自己的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)起責(zé)任"。
�、凇he man had to (circle) the airport several times in order to become __85_ with the controls of the plane.
85. A. intimate B. familiar C. understood D. close
從搭配上來看，只有B是正確的，另外，從語意角度上講也應(yīng)該是B。在機場上空盤旋目的是為了熟悉飛機的駕駛操作，以便安全降落�！�
�、邸hen they answer first the ones __85__ which they are most confident.
85. A. of B. with C. for D. in
which所引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，所填介詞是從句中介詞的提前，根據(jù)從句中介詞的搭配，答案應(yīng)是D，"對……很自信"應(yīng)該是be confident in。
9． 注意區(qū)分同義詞、近義詞和形似詞
近幾年的四級英語考試對同義詞、近義詞和形似詞的測試逐漸增多。一般四個選項中至少有兩個為近義詞。對于這類考題，考生除具備一定的詞語辨析的能力外，主要是看上下文的語義關(guān)系。如：
�、佟hey expect students, particularly graduate students to be able to exhaust the reference __83__ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but __84_ that their students should not be too dependent on them.
83. A. selections B. collections C. sources D. origins
84. A. hate B. dislike C. like D. prefer
83中collections為"全集、匯編"；selections為"選集"，圖書館的資料不只是選集或匯編，所以該兩個選項與語意不符。C，D意思接近，但所指有別，只"源泉、來源"，指"起源、起因"。圖書館所提供的應(yīng)該是參考材料的源泉，答案應(yīng)是C�！�
�、凇hese secondary routes may go up steel slopes, along high (cliffs), or down frightening hillsides to towns __87__ in deep valleys.
87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied
本題的選擇涉及到lie 和lay語義和用法區(qū)別以及非謂語動詞的用法。表示"坐落"的應(yīng)該是不及物動詞lie, 做定語與被修飾對象之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞形式，即A。
�、邸t this moment, the air hostess ___73__. She looked pale, but was quite __74__.
73. A. showed B. presented C. exposed D. appeared
74. A. well B. still C. calm D. quiet
73中四個選項都有"出現(xiàn)、顯露"方面的意思，但自身的語義特征構(gòu)成了各自及物不及物的區(qū)別。A，B，C 都是及物動詞，而這里應(yīng)用不及物動詞，表示"出現(xiàn)"之意，所以答案為D。
74除A外，三個選項意思接近，為近義詞。但語義的側(cè)重不同，與人連用時，still表示"站著不動"，quiet表示"安靜，不亂說，亂動"，calm則表示人，"鎮(zhèn)定、平靜"。上文的"臉色蒼白"，說明了"恐懼"的存在，而一般在這種狀態(tài)下，人們的行為會有些失常，表現(xiàn)出不夠"鎮(zhèn)定"，"不能泰然處之"。句中but的使用，所以，答案應(yīng)該是C�！�
�、堋f the father says he hates fat meat or the mother __67_vegetables in the child's hearing he is _68__ to copy the procedure.
67. A. opposes B. denies C. refuses D. offends
68. A. willing B. possible C. obliged D. likely
67四個選項都具有否定的含義。由上文來看，這里所表示的應(yīng)該是母親不喜歡吃蔬菜之類的含義。四個選項中，A搭配不對，因oppose后一般不接表示具體事物的名詞。deny表示"拒絕給予"，意思不符，offend表示"冒犯，觸怒"，與vegetable搭配不當(dāng)。refuse表示"拒絕"，即"拒絕吃蔬菜"，為正確選項�！�
68中有兩種選項：A，B表示與"意愿"有關(guān)的概念；B，D表示"可能性"。從上下文的語義發(fā)展來看，應(yīng)該是可能性。B，D兩個選項中，B句法結(jié)構(gòu)不對，答案為D�！�
�、荨uman brains are the __68___.
68. A. same B. identical C. similar D. alike
四個選項都表示"相同"的概念，對于這四個詞的選擇，考生不必去分析每個詞之間的語義差別，最好是從搭配上入手。四個單詞中只有same與定冠詞連用，答案自然是A�！�
�、蕖ong before they graduate from high school, these students take special _72__ to prepare for advanced study.
72. A. courses B. disciplines C. majors D. subjects
除B之外，其它三個選項都與"課程"有關(guān)，subject是"學(xué)科""科目"， major表示"專業(yè)"， course意為"課程"。另外從搭配來看，能與take搭配的也只是選項A�！�
⑦Some high school students may be _76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university.
76. A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
A，D為形似詞，意思差別很大，考生要注意區(qū)分。根據(jù)招生的安排，大學(xué)老師與考生見面并非強制性行為，而是對報考考生的一個要求，答案為D�！�
�、郥hey are _78__ to show that they have a good attitude and the _79__ to succeed.
78. A. decided B. intended C. settled D. determined
79. A. power B. ability C. possibility D. quality
78中四個選項都可表示"決定"，但能構(gòu)成be + ved結(jié)構(gòu)的卻只有D。從語義角度上講，面試考生要展示的是自己的能力，而非可能性。A與能力似乎有點聯(lián)系，但具體地來說，表示的是"權(quán)利"，"能源"，所以79題的正確選項應(yīng)該是B。
10． 運用語法知識
四級完形填空中也相當(dāng)一部分是考查語法的試題，主要集中在虛擬語氣、定語從句和狀語從句和倒裝句�！�
(1)根據(jù)虛擬語氣選擇時態(tài)
If all places __87_ alike, there would be little need for geographers.
87. A. being B. are C. be D. were
本題是對虛擬從句中時態(tài)的考查。首先，從主句的時態(tài)可以判斷這是個虛擬條件句，從句中應(yīng)該使用虛擬語氣。四個選項中只有D是虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為D。
(2)根據(jù)句子的虛擬條件選擇連詞
Even those who had little or no training in science might not have made their inventions _89__ a ground-work had not been laid by scientists years before.
89. A. as B. if C. because D. while
本題所考查的是虛擬條件從句與其它從句的區(qū)別。從上下文的語義和主從句的時態(tài)可以判斷，這里是虛擬語氣，答案為B�！�
(3) 正確判斷定語從句
只有當(dāng)確定定語從句以后，才能正確地選擇關(guān)系詞。在定語從句的確定中，首先確定關(guān)聯(lián)詞所連接的是一簡單句，并列句還是從句，尤其是在兩句之間有逗號相隔的情況下。如：
�、佟he word geography (comes) from two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for "earth", and graphein, __75_ means "to write".
75. A. what B. that C. which D. it
可以判斷the Greek word for "earth",為同位語，用來說明解釋 ge， 從句法結(jié)構(gòu)的對稱來看graphein 后也應(yīng)該是用來解釋說明graphein的，這就說明，graphein后不是一個簡單句，而是一個定語從句，從逗號的使用可以很容易判斷，并且是一個非限制性定語從句，說明答案為C�！�
�、凇e invited a lot of people to his birthday party, all of ____ were professors.
A. them B. whom C. which D. those
這句話涉及定語從句的辨別。如果填them，就成了一個簡單句，但兩句之間沒有連詞，不符合英語的句法要求。如果填whom則為非限制性定語從句，對主句內(nèi)容進行補充說明。
(4) 注意定語從句的關(guān)系詞的運用
有時，四個選項都是定語從句的關(guān)系詞，很顯然是考查定語從句關(guān)系詞的使用。在關(guān)系詞的選擇中可從兩點去考慮，一是先行詞為何，二是關(guān)系詞在定語從句中的作用。如：
�、佟hrough these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go to place __88_ the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and the driver may have a (chance) to get a fresh, clean (view) of the world.
88. A. there B. which C. when D. where
這一個定語從句關(guān)系詞的考查題。其中三個選項都可做定語從句的關(guān)系詞。根據(jù)定語從句的先行詞，以及先行詞在從句中的作用，可以判斷，本題答案為D。
�、凇he behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __79__ is better and higher than anything (in) the past.
79. A. that B. what C. whichever D. whatever
先行詞是something， 關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語，說明，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該是that，即A。
�、邸hese highways generally (connect) large urban centers which means that they become crowded with (heavy) traffic during rush hours, __79_ the "fast, direct" way becomes a very slow route.
79. A. when B. for C. but D. that (CET4-90.1)
