下面一段完形填空選自98年1月份的四級(jí)英語(yǔ)考題。在說(shuō)明腦子的大小與智力無(wú)關(guān)時(shí)采用的對(duì)比的方式，這種結(jié)構(gòu)本身就說(shuō)明的73題的答案。由于例證是用來(lái)說(shuō)明智力與大腦的關(guān)系，就使的72成分復(fù)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象�？梢�(jiàn)掌握語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)模式對(duì)理解和語(yǔ)言再現(xiàn)的作用�！�
There are four types of blood. _67__ types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the __68__. No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will __69__ in size, but this occurs within every race. __70__ does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain __71__ examined belonged to a person of weak __72__. On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have __73__ brains. Mental tests which are reasonably __74__ show no differences intelligence between races.
67. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some
68. A. same B. identical C. similar D. alike
69. A. remain B. increase C. decrease D. vary
70. A. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So
71. A. ever B. then C. never D. once
72. A. health B. body C. mind D. thought
73. A. big B. small C. minor D. major
74. A. true B. exact C. certain D. accurate
2) 程序型段落
程序型段落指按照操作程序的順序?qū)懢偷亩温洌鐚?shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程的介紹等。98.6四級(jí)的完形填空介紹的就是高中學(xué)生從中學(xué)備考到大學(xué)錄取到高校報(bào)到注冊(cè)的一個(gè)過(guò)程。學(xué)生在閱讀時(shí)只要能抓住這個(gè)程序，文章就不難理解，完形填空答案的確定也就有了可靠的依據(jù)�！�
The task of being accepted and enrolled in a university begins early for some students, long __71__ they graduate from high school. These students take special __72__ to prepare for advanced study. They may also take one of more examinations that test how __73__ prepared they are for the university.
In the final year of high school, they ___74__ applications and send them, with their student records, to the universities which they hope to __75__.
Some high school students may be __76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university. Neatly __77__, and usually very frightened, they are __78___ to show that they have a good attitude and the __79__ to succeed.
When the new students are finally __80__, there may be one more step they have to __81__ before registering for classes and __82__ to work. Many colleges and universities __83__ an orientation program for new students. __84__ these programs, the young people get to know the __85__ for registration and student advising, university rules, the __86__ of the library and all the other __87__services of the college or university.
Beginning a new life in a new place can be very __88__. The more knowledge students have __89__ the school, the easier it will be for them to __90__ to the new environment. However, it takes time to get used to college life.
71. A. as B. after C. since D. before
72. A. course B. disciplines C. majors D. subjects
73. A. deeply B. widely C. well D. much
74. A. fulfil B. finish C. complete D. accomplish
75. A. attend B. participate C. study D. belong
76. A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
77. A. decorated B. dressed C. coated D. worn
78. A. decided B. intended C. settled D. determined
79. A. power B. ability C. possibility D. quality
80. A. adopted B. accepted C. received D. permitted
81. A. make B. undergo C. take D. pass
82. A. getting B. putting C. falling D. sitting
83. A. offer B. afford C. grant D. supply
84. A. For B. Among C. In D. On
85. A. processes B. procedures C. projects D. provisions
86. A. application B. usage C. use D. utility
87. A. major B. prominent C. key D. great
88. A. amusing B. misleading C. alarming D. confusing
89. A. before B. about C. on D. at
90. A. fit B. suit C. yield D. adapt
3) 時(shí)間型段落
時(shí)間型的段落屬記敘性文體，文章以時(shí)間為順序介紹事情的發(fā)展過(guò)程。在做這類完形填空時(shí)，考生應(yīng)注意抓住時(shí)間這個(gè)線索，把握整個(gè)事情的發(fā)展過(guò)程，弄清各種事情的前因后果。94年1 月份的四級(jí)考題中完形填空所采用的就是時(shí)間型段落�！�
As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and __71__ the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly __72___ forward. At the moment, the air-hostess ___73___. She looked very pale, but was quite __74___. Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she __75__ everyone that the pilot had ___76__ and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines --- or at __77___ how to drive a car. After a moment's __78__, a man got up and followed the hostess into the pilot's cabin.
Moving the pilot __79___, the man took his seat and listened carefully to the ___80__ instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport __81___. The plane was now dangerously close __82__ the ground, but to everyone's __83___, it soon began to climb. The man had to __84___ the airport several times in order to become __85___ with the controls of the plane. __86___ the danger had not yet passed. The terrible __87__ came when he had to land. Following __88__, the man guided the plane to ward the airfield. It shook violently __89__ it touched the ground and then moved rapidly __90___ the runway and after a long run it stopped safely.
71. A. although B. while C. therefore D. then
72. A. shifted B. thrown C. put D. moved
73. A. showed B. presented C. exposed D. appeared
74. A. well B. still C. calm D. quiet
75. A. inquired B. insured C. informed D. instructed
76. A. fallen B. failed C. faded D. fainted
77. A. best B. least C. length D. first
78. A. hesitation B. surprise C. doubt D. delay
79. A. back B. aside C. about D. off
80. A. patient B. anxious C. urgent D. nervous
81. A. beneath B. under C. down D. below
82. A. to B. by C. near D. on
83. A. horror B. trust C. pleasure D. relief
84. A. surround B. circle C. observe D. view
85. A. intimate B. familiar C. understood D. close
86. A. Then B. Therefore C. But D. Moreover
87. A. moment B. movement C. idea D. affair
88.A.impression B. information C. inspections D. instructions
89. A. as B. unless C. while D. so
90. A. around B. over C. along D. above
2． 段落類型在完形填空中的運(yùn)用
段落類型的知識(shí)不僅有利于短文的理解，幫助學(xué)生掌握文章的語(yǔ)意發(fā)展邏輯，掌握文章的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容，學(xué)生也可根據(jù)段落類型所提供的信息確定完形填空的選項(xiàng)�！�
1) 根據(jù)段落類型確定適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)
不同的段落類型有不同的敘述邏輯，也因此有各自的轉(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)。正確分辨段落的類型有助于轉(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)的選擇。比如下面一篇介紹在家辦公的文章，文章介紹的在家辦公的好處和出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題。在介紹利和弊的時(shí)候采用的對(duì)比的方式，先介紹在家工作給人們帶來(lái)的好處，接著另起一段介紹在家工作所面臨的問(wèn)題。在說(shuō)明在家工作的益處時(shí)采用了例證的方式，采取漸升的敘述邏輯。從轉(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)的一致性上來(lái)看，敘述在家工作的益處時(shí)所采用的轉(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)為：For one thing --- For another ----Most agreeable of all，當(dāng)敘述在家工作所帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題時(shí)采用的是舉例方式，列舉了四個(gè)不利之處，從問(wèn)題的情況和敘述的邏輯來(lái)看，同樣是漸升的順序，其轉(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)為For example --- Besides ---- Then again---- the main problem�！�
The revolution in computer and telephone technology has made it a ___1__ for business people to work at home, and this has brought about much ___2___ and pleasure to the people.Generally, people enjoy working at home for the following ___3__. For one thing, they not only __4__ time by not having to travel long distance to work every day but save money on __5___ and business clothes. ___6__, suffering less stress from their employers, they think __7__ clearly and can be more creative in the quiet peaceful atmosphere of their home. __8__ agreeable of all, they have the ___9__ to decide for themselves how and when to do their job, __10__ permits them to spend more time with their family.___11__ as is often the case, working at home allows of much more freedom than working at office, some people who work at home admit there are ___12__. ___13__, they, more often, can not separate their personal life and their _14___ life. __15__, the loneliness from the lack of person-to-person ___16__ and new ideas is more likely to __17__ some mental illness. Then again, there is a problem of holidays. Perhaps, the __18__ problem with working at home is that some people __19__ get a day off. To solve the above mentioned __20__, people who work at home may well organize their work schedule, leaving adequate time for making human communication. In fact, working at home has provided them with much more freedom to participate in social activities.
1. A. reality B. dream C. problem D. convenience
2. A. problem B. trouble C. convenience D. worry
3. A. reasons B. benefits C. convenience D. profits
4. A. cost B. consume C. waste D. save
5. A. transportation B. travel C. appointments D. calls
6. A. Secondly B. What's more C. For another D. However
7. A. more B. less C. no more D. no less
8. A. Least B. Most C. Not D. Really
9. A. time B. chance C. freedom D. right
10. A. it B. which C. this D. that
11. A. However B. In contrast C. While D. Then
12. A. advantages B. problems C. troubles D. benefits
13. A. First B. For example C. For one thing D. Because
14. A. private B. office C. family D. working
15. A. Besides B. Instead C. However D. Therefore
16. A. talk B. communication C. contact D. chat
17. A. produce B. cause C. make D. create
18. A. most B. last C. main D. major
19. A. always B. sometimes C. never D. frequently
20. A. problems B. situations C. circumstances D. questions
2) 根據(jù)段落類型尋找復(fù)現(xiàn)、同現(xiàn)信息
以上面的完形填空為例，從整體上說(shuō)，文章采用了對(duì)比的方式敘述了在家工作的利弊，似乎第一段的最后應(yīng)該是對(duì)此的概括，但從同現(xiàn)的關(guān)系來(lái)看，兩個(gè)相反的概念一般是不能有并列連詞and連接的，第二題答案應(yīng)該是C�！�
文章在提到在家工作的利弊時(shí)以人們的親身感受的方式提出，說(shuō)明1題答案為A。從第二段的四個(gè)列舉的情況來(lái)看，所介紹的都是在家工作的好處，所以3是上義詞同現(xiàn)，答案為B�！�
根據(jù)單詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象，可以確定9答案為C(allows of much more freedom than 中freedom為復(fù)現(xiàn))， 16答案為B(leaving adequate time for making human communication.中communication為復(fù)現(xiàn))，20答案為A(the __18__ problem with working at home 中freedom為前復(fù)現(xiàn))
文中并列成分之間的比較也給答案的選擇提供的應(yīng)有的復(fù)現(xiàn)信息，如根據(jù)they not only ___4__ time by not having to travel long distance to work every day but save money on __5___ and business clothes中可以推斷4答案為D(save)，5 答案為A (transportation)�！�
10題為語(yǔ)法題，所選應(yīng)是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，答案為B，17題為動(dòng)賓搭配題，答案為B。從第二段敘述的主題來(lái)看，19應(yīng)是在家工作的不利之處，答案為C，既然談?wù)摰脑掝}是在家工作，那么14應(yīng)該是working life即 D。
本完形填空，上下兩段分別敘述在家工作的利弊，前后對(duì)比，從這一點(diǎn)上講考生很容易在11處填However, In contrast之類，答案如考慮一下該句自身的結(jié)構(gòu)，就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，所選的為從句連詞，而非篇章轉(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)，答案為C�！�
再如90年1月的四級(jí)考試完形填空。短文中，作者將美國(guó)的高速公路與老式的普通公路進(jìn)行比較。兩段之間However的使用將上下兩段銜接起來(lái)，也提示出敘述的重點(diǎn)。如果考生在閱讀過(guò)程中能注意兩種公路的情況對(duì)比，就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)以下對(duì)比的信息，相當(dāng)一部分題的答案也自明，如72，78，85。兩種道路的比較也說(shuō)明了其中比較級(jí)的使用，根據(jù)這一點(diǎn)，考生就可以確定83提的答案�！�
高速公路(modern highways) 普通公路 (old two-lane roads)
平坦 (smooth) 高低不平 (uneven)
路段筆直(straight sections, with few sharp curves) 彎彎曲曲 (curving through the country)
路經(jīng)風(fēng)景區(qū)，連接繁華的城市(go by scenic areas, connecting large urban centers)
穿行于鄉(xiāng)村，怕山坡，下陡坡 (curving through the country, up steep slopes and down frightening hillsides)
交通擁擠，尤其是在高峰期(crowded with heavy traffic, especially during rush hours)
車輛不多,可以悠閑地呼吸新鮮空氣,欣賞優(yōu)美的景色(light traffic,chance to get a fresh, clean view of the world)
3) 從段落類型入手把握文章內(nèi)容
完形填空首先是閱讀理解。如果考生能了解段落的結(jié)構(gòu)模式，對(duì)掌握文章的具體內(nèi)容是十分有幫助的。如，時(shí)間型段落段落以記敘為主。對(duì)于這類段落，考生要象看電影似地閱讀。閱讀時(shí)似乎看到故事中發(fā)生的一幕一幕。比如，上面所示94年1月四級(jí)考題。抓住時(shí)間這個(gè)脈絡(luò)，將前后發(fā)生的事情聯(lián)系起來(lái)，考生就不難對(duì)事件獲得一個(gè)完整的印象：駕駛員突然暈倒，無(wú)法駕駛飛機(jī)，飛機(jī)突然顛簸起來(lái)，乘客被顛地前仰后合，于是空姐走進(jìn)機(jī)艙，問(wèn)是否有人懂的駕駛。一位男子主動(dòng)出來(lái)幫忙，他隨著空姐走進(jìn)駕駛艙，將駕駛員移到一邊，邊聽(tīng)著機(jī)場(chǎng)發(fā)來(lái)的指示開(kāi)始操縱飛機(jī)，飛機(jī)在機(jī)場(chǎng)上空爬上爬下，還幾乎著地，在機(jī)場(chǎng)上空盤(pán)旋幾次以后，該男子逐漸熟悉了飛機(jī)的駕駛，最后終于安全降落。如果考生在閱讀過(guò)程中能想象出當(dāng)時(shí)的情景，理解就不會(huì)出現(xiàn)誤差，很多答案便自然輕松可得。該完形填空答案如下：
71. A 72. B 73. D 74. C 75. C 76. D 77. B 78. A 79. B 80. C
81. D 82. A 83. D 84. B 85. B 86. C 87. A 88. D 89. A 90. C
完形填空能力的提高以語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、詞匯知識(shí)、句法知識(shí)、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)。在平時(shí)的詞匯學(xué)習(xí)中應(yīng)注意以話題為中心，培養(yǎng)詞匯的同現(xiàn)意識(shí)。另外，在進(jìn)行閱讀時(shí)注意分析各類文章的敘事邏輯，同時(shí)加強(qiáng)寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練。語(yǔ)言能力的發(fā)展是一個(gè)綜合能
