第四單元 結(jié)尾段的寫作
文章的結(jié)尾段與引言段同樣重要。引言段是文章主題的提要，結(jié)尾段則是對(duì)文章的歸納和總結(jié)。它可再次吸引讀者并給讀者留下深刻印象。結(jié)尾段的寫作方式也取決于文章的類型，常見(jiàn)的結(jié)尾段的寫作方法有以下幾種：
1、重申主題
重申主題，即再次強(qiáng)調(diào)和肯定文章引言段中闡述的中心思想，是一種極為普遍的結(jié)尾方式。
結(jié)尾段：There is enough evidence showing how invalid the certificate is in evaluating the overall abilities and qualities of an applicant and therefore, we should consider many other facets of an applicant’s qualifications rather than feeling satisfied with just the paper certificate.
2、歸納文章要點(diǎn)，加深讀者印象
即將前面各段中所討論的內(nèi)容縮寫、歸納和整理，進(jìn)一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的觀點(diǎn)。
結(jié)尾段：In my opinion, a balance of these two kinds of activities might be more useful to those who live in retirement. In other words, physical activities are necessary for good health but intellectual recreation provides the most pleasure.
3、提出建議，提出解決方法
這種方法特別適合用于討論問(wèn)題的文章，比如對(duì)某事的原因或結(jié)果的分析，提出建議或解決方法。
結(jié)尾段：On the whole, as a pernicious hobby, smoking will do you more harm than good. For your own health, please keep away from smoking.
4、展望未來(lái)
即在文章結(jié)尾處表示對(duì)未來(lái)的期望或號(hào)召讀者采取行動(dòng)。
結(jié)尾段：However, it may be that we still have a long way to go before we have a clear world. Nearly all of the countries are trying hard to prevent and control air pollution. There indeed seems to be no end to tasks that environmentalists will be required to do. People will continually find new ways to control pollution.
5、引用格言、諺語(yǔ)或習(xí)語(yǔ)總結(jié)全文
結(jié)尾段：Not until then did I understand the meaning of the proverb, “Helping others is the source of happiness.”
6、提出問(wèn)題，無(wú)須回答
即形式為問(wèn)句，而意義是肯定的，具有很明顯的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，發(fā)人深思。
結(jié)尾段：In spite of what we hear, to the contrary, modern doctors deserve the money they earn. If we consider the cost and time of years of schooling they must coop with, the time required as an intern doctor, the cost of equipment they must purchase, and the long hours spent in their offices, is it appropriate they be paid well for their time, knowledge and skills?
課后練習(xí)
用指定方式完成下列結(jié)尾段：
1、提出建議：
Therefore, to control population growth more strictly is clearly essential to the country’s reforms and economic development. We should_______________________
_________________________________________________________________.
2、提出問(wèn)題：
Therefore, listening and spoken English abilities must be consciously improved. Since the two abilities are such important means of learning and communication, why_____
____________________________________________________________________.
3、引語(yǔ)：
Later risers may find it very hard to get into the habit of early rising. They ought to make special effort to do so. As the English proverb says, “_____________________
_______________________________________________________.
4、展望未來(lái)：
Once mastered, English is useful in many ways. You can read English books and other publications; you can talk to a native speaker; you can write a letter to your friend, etc. You can even pay a visit to France or Russia even though you don’t know French or Russian, since English___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
第五單元 寫作詞語(yǔ)運(yùn)用技巧
段落清楚、句子結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確和用詞得當(dāng)是高分作文的關(guān)鍵。而寫好段落和文章的重要標(biāo)志就是能否有效地應(yīng)用詞匯來(lái)擴(kuò)展句子。因此詞匯是寫作的技巧。一般來(lái)說(shuō)詞語(yǔ)層次上應(yīng)掌握以下技巧：
一、用詞要凝練簡(jiǎn)潔
凝練簡(jiǎn)潔不是說(shuō)要避免寫長(zhǎng)句子，而是要在清楚表達(dá)意思的同時(shí)砍掉那些不必要的詞。即凝練簡(jiǎn)潔不在于句子的長(zhǎng)短而取決于是否高效地應(yīng)用文字來(lái)清楚說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，使文章通俗易懂。因此，寫作時(shí)要避免華而不實(shí)的詞。
比較下列句子：
（1）、
（a）、These congresses are an ideal opportunity for the presentation of the latest development and the promotion of the new products and services on the market.
（b）、These congresses are an ideal opportunity for presenting the latest development and promoting the new products and services on the market.
（2）、
（a）、The reduction of membership fees for all partners will become a reality next year.
（b）、Membership fees will be reduced for all partners next year.
（3）、
（a）、The intensification of our efforts during the year is for the improvement of our overall communication.
（b）、We intensified our efforts during the year to improve our overall communication.
（4）、
（a）、There is often 15 or 30 minutes to be saved by taking one route rather than another to reach the same destination.
（b）、Often 15 or 30 minutes can be saved by taking one route rather than another to reach the same destination.
二、恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用介詞
英語(yǔ)中的介詞遠(yuǎn)比中文介詞數(shù)量多，用途廣，而且能和動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成多種多樣的詞組。下面看幾個(gè)句子：
A letter was sent to Bob.
A letter was sent from Bob.
A letter was sent for Bob.
A letter was sent by Bob.
變了一個(gè)介詞就變了整個(gè)句子的意思。所以介詞及其短語(yǔ)一向是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)。
