三、巧用短語和詞組
除了用詞不準(zhǔn)確之外，有的同學(xué)由于詞組欠缺，使其文章句子呆板。相反，要想提高寫作質(zhì)量，就必須擴大詞組量。
四、熟練運用邏輯連接詞語
先后次序關(guān)系
First, Second,…at last To start with Next Eventually Afterwards
At last but not the least To end with Finally Seeing…. Since then
To begin with First of all
原因、結(jié)果關(guān)系
As a result Hence Because of this On account of So…
Being that Due to As a result of… Because Since
In that… So that… For this reason …and so… As
Consequently Owing to… There are about… For Thus
In view of Therefore As a consequence In consequence
Another important factor of… For the reason that…
轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
Independent of Even though Even so But
In spite of that Despite that Though But unless
Regardless of However Reckless of And yet Yet…
并列關(guān)系
And Also Too As well as Either…,or… Both…and
遞進(jìn)關(guān)系
Moreover At the same time In other words Not only…, but also…
In addition In order to do… In this way Further Still
Meanwhile In the first space… On the other hand… Furthermore Even
Moreover In the second place… On the one hand… Accordingly Besides
Not…, but Along this line of consideration As a popular saying goes,…
比較關(guān)系
Likewise By doing so When in fact When compared with
Similarly In the same vein Apart from Similarly important
…rather than… In comparison with Compared with By the same token
對比關(guān)系
On the contrary Different from this However Contrary to In contrast
As opposed to But on the other hand Conversely While Nevertheless
Opposed to As opposed to this By way of Whereas
舉例關(guān)系
For instance As regards Such as As to For example
As he explains I will say… Like As for Notably
In particular According to… Namely Stated roughly Including…
Put it simply As you know Consider… You may ask/say
強調(diào)關(guān)系
Particularly What is more important In particular Moreover
By definition In is certain/sure that… Not to mention… To be true
To be strict Other thing being equal Believe it or not In reality
Especially In fact Indeed
條件關(guān)系
Unless If necessary In this sense If If so
If possible If it is the case Provided that… If not all Lest
歸納總結(jié)關(guān)系
In summary Hence Therefore To conclude In other words
To sum up In brief In short The conclusion can be drawn that…
五、詞匯量不足的應(yīng)急措施
詞匯量不足是影響寫作的一個重要因素。一個意思往往會因為一個單詞不會而表達(dá)不清，一個好的句子也會因為一個詞匯想不起來而不能完成。如何應(yīng)付這種情況使作文順利進(jìn)行下去？下面三種簡便的應(yīng)急措施可能對你有所幫助。
1、試用籠統(tǒng)詞
英語中籠統(tǒng)詞有have，take等，籠統(tǒng)詞的重要特點在于意義廣泛、搭配性強、構(gòu)成詞組后可替代眾多具體動詞。雖然不能精確表達(dá)一個動作，卻能大致表達(dá)意思。舉例如下：
1、I experienced a terrible time. = I had a terrible time.
2、I will preside over the meeting. = I will take the meeting.
3、Do you understand my meaning? = Do you take my meaning?
4、They occupied the city. = They took the city.
5、The boy resembles his father. = The boy takes after his father.
2、聯(lián)想有關(guān)詞匯
當(dāng)遺忘產(chǎn)生時，或遇到未學(xué)過的詞時，應(yīng)采取放射性思維，發(fā)揮想象力，想出一切與之有關(guān)的單詞，利用語言的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，多層次多角度的運用語言。一般聯(lián)想可按照下列思路進(jìn)行：
①、聯(lián)想同義詞。舉例如下：
1、I had a nightmare last night. = I had a bad dream last night.
2、He is stupid. = He is foolish. = He is a fool. = He is silly.
3、The food is delicious. = The food is tasty. = The food tastes good.
4、His temper is nasty. = His temper is terrible. = He has a bad temper.
②、聯(lián)想反義詞。舉例如下：
1、He is stubborn. = He is not tame.
2、The knife is blunt. = The knife is not sharp.
3、This is expensive. = This is not cheap.
4、She is talkative. = She is never quiet.
3、使用解釋性語句
語言的功能在于表達(dá)，而表達(dá)的方式是多種多樣的。當(dāng)一個詞影響到某個意思的完整表達(dá)時，我們可以用迂回的方式加以溝通。舉例如下：
He is a dumb. = He is a person who can not speak.
He refused. = He said “No.”
I’ve never seen such a stubborn person. = I’ve never seen such a person who never listens to other’s advice.
課后練習(xí)
完成下列作文題目，注意措詞優(yōu)美。
1、Is Pressure a Bad Thing?
2、If I were a Teacher
3、Fighting against Smoking
4、My Favorite Course
5、How to Spend the Two-day Weekend
第六單元 寫作套路
我們知道，文章的結(jié)構(gòu)掌控著文章的全局。作文的內(nèi)容固然重要，但它離不開結(jié)構(gòu)的襯托。沒有結(jié)構(gòu)的內(nèi)容就猶如一盤散沙，令人無所適從。
以下的套路可以幫助初寫者理清思路，使文章不至于離題萬里。恰當(dāng)使用這些套路的關(guān)鍵在于靈活運用而不是生搬硬套。
（一）、My View ON…題型
公說公有理，婆說婆有理，許多話題永遠(yuǎn)爭論不休。寫作�？嫉木褪沁@種題型。例如：“1、失敗是常有的事。2、人們對失敗有各種不同的態(tài)度。3、我對失敗的態(tài)度�！薄 �1、有人認(rèn)為金錢是幸福之本SOURCE OF HAPPINESS。2、也有人認(rèn)為金錢是萬惡之源ROOT OF EVIL。3、我的看法�！钡鹊取Ｏ旅嫒N套路可任選一個。
套路一：
People’s views/ideas/opinions on……vary from person to person. Some people think that…… They hold this opinion because…… However, others hold that……
As to me, I am in favor of the first/second idea. The following are the reasons of/for my choice/personal inclination.
First, while it is true that……, it doesn’t mean that…… Besides/On the other hand, …… Admittedly,…… but this is not to say that……
Therefore/In a word/From things mentioned above, ……
套路二：
Different people may have different views on…… It is held that…… But it is also held that……
Those who hold the first opinion…… In contrast, those who hold the second view……
As to me, I agree with the latter opinion. Admittedly, ……. But this is not to say that……
套路三：
When asked about a theme, different people will offer different opinions…… is no exception. Some people take it for granted/say/think/believe that…… However, others hold that……
As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the first/second view. The reasons are as follows.
First, there is an element of truth that…… but it doesn’t follow that…… A case in point is that…… Therefore, the first view doesn’t hold water/cannot bear much analysis/can’t stand up to close examination.
In conclusion……
（二）、Advantage and Disadvantage of…題型
事物總是一分為二的。寫作題目中有許多是涉及某一事物的正反兩方面。比如“運動的積極因素和消極因素”，“雙休日的好處與負(fù)作用”，“新的科技給社會帶來的好處與問題”等等。凡涉及到利弊的題目時都可以用下面這個套路。
套路:
Nowadays, …… plays an important part/role in…… Like everything else, ……h(huán)as/have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantage can be listed as follows.
First, …… Besides, …… Most important of all, ……
But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with, …… To make matters worse/worst of all, ……
Through above analysis, I believe that the advantages/positive aspects outweigh the disadvantage/negative ones. Therefore, ……
