2006年考研英語新題型：填空式閱讀全突破

　　填空式閱讀大綱樣題詳解

　　Directions:

　　In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41--45, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　Long before Man lived on the Earth , there were fishes ,reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today ,others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now .

　　41)Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land ,often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.

　　42)____Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting.

　　43)____There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom ,the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

　　44)____Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important .They have a shell composed of many chambers , each representing a temporary home of the animal .As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one .Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast .

　　45)____ About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out .The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse . Many of the later mammals though now extinct ,were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings .

　　[A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

　　[B]Nevertheless , we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils ,From them we can tell their size and shape ,how they walked ,the kind of food they ate .

　　[C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes ,first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago .About 300 million years ago the amphibians ,the animals able to live both on land and in water , appeared. They were giant ,sometimes 8 feet long ,and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam ,or layer ,or formed .The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land ,in the sea ,and in the air .

　　[D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creature .There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world .

　　[E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex ,and among these are the sea-lilies , relations of the star-fishes ,which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed ,or to rocks .

　　[F]When an animal dies ,the body ,its bones ,or shell ,may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud .If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud .More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved .

　　[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks .Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form .

　　［參考答案］41. B42. F43. E44. A45. C

　　本文文章部分共332字，備選答案部分字?jǐn)?shù)為317字，即所有的給出信息總閱讀量高達(dá)649字，相當(dāng)于A節(jié)閱讀文章一篇半的閱讀量。 因此，這要求考生要掌握較好的閱讀方法，具有較強(qiáng)的閱讀理解能力。

　　首先，通篇略讀原文，分析要點(diǎn)詞句，以掌握全文主旨及寫作思路。

　　第一段指出：在人類出現(xiàn)很早以前，地球上就出現(xiàn)了魚類、爬蟲類、鳥類和一些哺乳動(dòng)物（這是對全文的一個(gè)綜述）。雖然（Although）這些動(dòng)物中有一些是現(xiàn)今活著的各種動(dòng)物的祖先，但是另一些動(dòng)物現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)滅絕了，即他們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有活著的后代了。第二句是個(gè)讓步狀語從句，重點(diǎn)是主句部分：others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now，而that is表明同位結(jié)構(gòu)，因此本段要點(diǎn)詞語為：extinct。

　　而第二段首句指出：偶爾我們可以根據(jù)石頭里所表現(xiàn)出來的印記合理地推斷出幾百萬年前滅絕了的某種動(dòng)物的準(zhǔn)確圖形，盡管不能確定其顏色。此句可說是一個(gè)因果關(guān)系句，提到了rocks，結(jié)果是（so that）: we can build up…picture。后面又接著講rocks in which the remains are found。由此可知，這些是本段的要點(diǎn)詞語。

　　第三段中已知信息是：幾乎我們所知道的所有化石都是由于水的作用而被保存在了石頭中，而且大多都是生活在水里或水邊的動(dòng)物。因此，肯定存在過許多我們一無所知的哺乳動(dòng)物、鳥類和昆蟲類�？瞻缀蟮谝痪涫遣⒘袕�(fù)合句，主語分別是：Nearly all of the fossils和 most of these (the fossils)，而且都與water action有關(guān)。

　　第四段中提供的信息是：還有像螃蟹一樣的動(dòng)物，其身體覆蓋著一層角質(zhì)層物質(zhì)。接下來此段詳細(xì)介紹了這類動(dòng)物的外貌特征。此處要點(diǎn)詞語：also和crab�瞝ike creatures。

　　第五段缺少段首句，空白后第一句中有指代詞of these，these必定指代前文提到的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。接著講的ammonities是其中的一種。這個(gè)詞是個(gè)生詞，但后面有對它的描述：非常有趣而又很重要。它們身體上有個(gè)由許多腔室構(gòu)成的硬殼（shell），每個(gè)腔室都代表著這個(gè)動(dòng)物的臨時(shí)住所。

　　中間空缺一段，然后文章最后一段指出，大約7 500萬年前，爬行動(dòng)物時(shí)代結(jié)束了，其中大部分物種都滅絕了。而哺乳動(dòng)物迅速發(fā)展起來，我們可以追尋出許多大家熟悉的動(dòng)物如大象和馬的進(jìn)化過程。后來的許多哺乳動(dòng)物，雖然現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)滅絕了，還是被原始的人類所了解，并被畫在了壁畫中或被雕刻在了骨頭上。注意第一句提到reptiles。

　　通過這樣閱讀全文要點(diǎn)信息，我們知道了本文結(jié)構(gòu)的脈絡(luò)：首先介紹什么是史前動(dòng)物和我們研究史前動(dòng)物的依據(jù)——化石，以及化石形成的過程。隨后，作者即按照動(dòng)物進(jìn)化的順序——我們可以見到其化石的最早的動(dòng)物，水生殼類動(dòng)物，脊椎類動(dòng)物等逐一加以介紹。

　　然后，利用已經(jīng)掌握的要點(diǎn)信息等，從頭再讀文章，并從選擇項(xiàng)中尋找特征詞，一邊分析一邊做題。

　　在做題找答案時(shí)，要十分注意空白前后的句子，仔細(xì)分析句與句之間的關(guān)系，段與段之間的過渡銜接，根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容線索、語段特征和寫作結(jié)構(gòu)等，來判斷每個(gè)空白處的正確選項(xiàng)。

　　41．文章一開始，作者告訴我們，早在人類出現(xiàn)以前地球上就許多物種，現(xiàn)在有些物種的后代依然生存，而另外一些則沒有留下后裔。在本題空白處后面文章又說巖石上偶爾會留下數(shù)百萬年前就死掉了的動(dòng)物精確的印記。顯然，空白處應(yīng)該是關(guān)于巖石與滅絕了的動(dòng)物之間的關(guān)系（7個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有A﹑B﹑E﹑G四項(xiàng)提到了“rock”,但另外大三項(xiàng)意思上不符）。此外，空白處前面的“extinct”和“no descendant”均為否定意義和表達(dá)，而空白處的后面“accurate”和“much”則為肯定意義的表達(dá)；這意味著空白處的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該有一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)上的“轉(zhuǎn)折—只有B項(xiàng)符合這一條件。所以正確答案只能是B。

　　42．本題具有相當(dāng)?shù)碾y度。由于G項(xiàng)一開始就有“how fossils ate preserved” ,與上文和下文似乎都是相吻合的；但是G項(xiàng)后面講的是動(dòng)物遺體上的有機(jī)組織“organism”可能轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)化成幾種形式而本題空白處后面的內(nèi)容則告訴人們“Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action”(巖石中幾乎所有的化石都是由于水作用泥沙對于化石保存下來所起的作用—與上下文相符合。

　　43．本題選擇的線索有兩條：下文中有“There were also crab-like creatures …’,空白處顯然有關(guān)于另一動(dòng)物的內(nèi)容；從本段開始，文章轉(zhuǎn)向討論由低級高級變化（進(jìn)化）中的動(dòng)物。E項(xiàng)開始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found…”,符合文章寫作的順序。B項(xiàng)與上文相符，但與下文不符，且與全文結(jié)構(gòu)不相吻合。

　　44．本題選擇的主要根據(jù)是：下文一開始就有“Of these,…”,也就是說，空白部分應(yīng)該有“some, several, many”或類似的詞，答案只能是A。由于文中有了“The first animals”,為避免句式上的復(fù)，作者改變句子起始的模式—這種做法很多見，因而也是考生閱讀和寫作中應(yīng)該注意的。

　　45．從文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)看，這里需要一個(gè)內(nèi)容的“高潮”：前面幾段，動(dòng)物都在不斷的進(jìn)化，而下文中“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over”,這里需要有一個(gè)“交代”。只有C項(xiàng)符合這一條件；同時(shí)，“reptile”在本題空白處前文章中從沒有提到，在下文中又沒有作為新信息，因而作為正確答案的選項(xiàng)中一定有這個(gè)詞，只有C項(xiàng)中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the sea ,and in the air”。所以正確答案只能是C。

　　最后，將所選答案代入原文，結(jié)合全文要點(diǎn)信息，確證答案，進(jìn)一步排除干擾項(xiàng)。

　　在將答案代入原文過程中，只需再讀一下有關(guān)的重要信息，檢查文章從內(nèi)容上是否連貫，語篇結(jié)構(gòu)是否符合一致性、是否合乎邏輯等。

　　問題中所給的D和G兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，D意為：最好的索引化石往往是海生動(dòng)物。這些動(dòng)物進(jìn)化速度很快，遍及世界很多地區(qū)。G意為：許多因素能夠影響化石保存在巖石中的方法。某種生物體的遺骸很可能被礦物質(zhì)取代，被某種酸性溶液溶解，只留下它們的印痕，或者化為一種更為穩(wěn)定的形式。雖然它們與文章總體內(nèi)容有某些相關(guān)性，但將這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)代入原文都與文章的上下文內(nèi)容不符合，因此是干擾項(xiàng)。

　　參考譯文

　　早在人類出現(xiàn)之前，地球上就已經(jīng)有了魚類、爬行動(dòng)物、鳥類、昆蟲，和一些哺乳動(dòng)物。雖然這些哺乳動(dòng)物中有些是現(xiàn)代物種的祖先，但是另外的一些現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)滅絕，也就是說，它們現(xiàn)今已沒有后代存活。然而，我們對它們大多數(shù)都了解頗深，原因是他們的骨骼和甲殼留存在巖層中成為化石。我們由此可判斷出他們的大小、外形、行走方式、飲食特點(diǎn)。

　　真是非常偶然，巖層能夠顯現(xiàn)肌膚的紋理，因此，除了膚色外，我們可以相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確地構(gòu)想出一種已消亡幾百萬年的動(dòng)物。這種有動(dòng)物殘骸的巖層可以體現(xiàn)很多原始大陸的特性，通常是其上生長的植被，甚至有關(guān)氣候的狀況。

　　當(dāng)動(dòng)物死亡時(shí)，其尸體，骨骼或甲殼通常會被溪流沖走帶進(jìn)湖泊或者海洋，之后被淤泥覆蓋。如果在海洋中生活，其尸體很可能會下沉并被淤泥掩埋。越來越多的淤泥將其覆蓋，直至骨頭或甲殼深嵌其中得以保存。我們了解的所有化石幾乎都保存于由水流作用而形成的巖層中，而其中大部分化石是由水生動(dòng)物或親水動(dòng)物形成的。由此可見尚未知曉的哺乳動(dòng)物，鳥類，昆蟲不計(jì)其數(shù)。

　　已發(fā)掘到殘骸的最早期動(dòng)物都是構(gòu)造單一的水生物。往后的則結(jié)構(gòu)更為復(fù)雜，其中就有海百合，屬海星的近親，帶有長觸角，并被長莖吸附到海底或巖層上。同樣還有蟹類生物，與殘骸埋于角質(zhì)的物質(zhì)之下。殘骸的每個(gè)斷片都有兩對腳，一對用于沙地行走，另一對用于游走。其頭部呈盾牌狀，帶有一對復(fù)眼，其中常有成千上萬的晶體。它們通常一到兩英寸長，但有些長達(dá)兩英尺。

　　水生有殼動(dòng)物在巖層中有著悠久的歷史并且很多不同的種類都已眾所周知。這些動(dòng)物當(dāng)中，菊石非常有趣而且尤為重要。它們有一個(gè)由許多孔穴組成的殼，每一個(gè)孔穴相當(dāng)于它臨時(shí)的一個(gè)家。隨著年幼者長大它會生長出一個(gè)新的孔穴并將先前的那一個(gè)封掉。在多塞特海岸的巖層中可以看到成千上萬這樣的菊石。

　　第一種有脊椎生物是魚類，最早在三億七千五百年前的巖層中為人所知。大約三億年前兩棲動(dòng)物出現(xiàn)，它們既可以在陸地上又可以在海水中生活。它們體態(tài)龐大，有時(shí)長達(dá)八英寸，并且大多都生活在形成我們的煤層的沼澤灘中。兩棲動(dòng)物進(jìn)化成爬行動(dòng)物，而且它們將近一億五千年以來一直都是最重要的生命形式，無論是在陸地上，海洋里還是天空中。

　　大約七千五百萬年前爬行生物紀(jì)元結(jié)束，其中大部分物種已經(jīng)滅絕。哺乳動(dòng)物的進(jìn)化迅速，我們可以追溯許多熟悉的動(dòng)物如大象和馬的進(jìn)化過程。許多后期的哺乳動(dòng)物，現(xiàn)今雖已滅絕，但為原始人類所熟悉并且將其用壁畫和骨雕勾勒出來。