考研網(wǎng)校 模擬考場 考研資訊 復習指導 歷年真題 模擬試題 經(jīng)驗 考研查分 考研復試 考研調(diào)劑 論壇 短信提醒 | ||
考研英語| 資料 真題 模擬題 考研政治| 資料 真題 模擬題 考研數(shù)學| 資料 真題 模擬題 專業(yè)課| 資料 真題 模擬題 在職研究生 |
考研網(wǎng)校 模擬考場 考研資訊 復習指導 歷年真題 模擬試題 經(jīng)驗 考研查分 考研復試 考研調(diào)劑 論壇 短信提醒 | ||
考研英語| 資料 真題 模擬題 考研政治| 資料 真題 模擬題 考研數(shù)學| 資料 真題 模擬題 專業(yè)課| 資料 真題 模擬題 在職研究生 |
二、虛詞類題典及解題方法
1. 連詞(或連詞短語)考點特別提示通常同一個從屬連接詞所引導的狀語從句放在句尾時,對于整個句義有時在兩個從句之間不能加逗號,可有時在兩個從句之間必須用逗號分開。但是,并非所有的從屬連接詞所引導的狀語從句都是如此,茲分別說明如下:(1) 有些連接詞所引導的狀語從句和主句之間不能用逗號分開。這些連接短語主要是:
◇as... as, not so/as...as
He drove as fast as he could.
(他車子能開多快就開多快!囎娱_得盡可能地快。)
She doesn’t study so (or as) hard as she used to. (她沒有過去用功。)
◇so... that, such... that
She had so many children that she didn’t know what to do.
(她的孩子多得令她不知道如何是好。)
I was having such a nice time that I didn’t want to leave.
(我玩得開心得不想離開。)
◇than
I like her no better than he does. (我并不比他更喜歡她。)
◇till/until
I will continue to work until my children are out of school.
(我要繼續(xù)工作一直到我的孩子們完成學業(yè)為止。)(2)有些連接詞所引導的狀語從句總只是作為補充的說明,因此和主句之間永遠用逗號分開。這些連接詞是:
◇although, though, even though
He didn’t pass the test, even though (or though, although) he studied hard.
(雖然他很用功,但他還是沒有考及格。)
◇no matter what /when /how /etc.
I’ll never change my mind, no matter what you say.
(不管你怎么說,我決不會改變主意的。)
I’ll always love you, no matter what. (無論發(fā)生了什么事情,我永遠愛你。)
注意:what之后省略了動詞happens。
Don’t believe the rumor, no matter how often you hear it.
(無論你聽到多少次,都不要相信這謠言。)
◇since表示“原因”時。
He’s decided not to go to the concert, since he’s not interested in classical music.
(因為他對古典音樂沒興趣,他已決定不去聽音樂會了。)
◇whereas, while (=whereas)
My wife and I are expecting a child. She is hoping for a boy, whereas (or while) I am hoping for a girl. (我太太和我都盼望有個小孩。她希望有個男孩,而我卻希望有個女孩。)
【語法注釋】雖然whereas和while歸類在從屬連接詞里,由于它的作用是表示前后相反的對照,而且前后可以對換,所以從意義而言,兩個子句并無主從之分。若用對等連接詞but來代替,對全句含義并無改變。
【復習題典】
☆ No one knows for certain the short and longterm effects of these products of gene engineering,(1)there’s a chance they could lead to the unintentional creation of “superweeds” or interfere with natural plant stocks, for more information on GMOs, we recommend visiting www. saynotogmos. org.
(1) [A]while [B]and[C]but [D]or
☆ Londoners appear more careless than others with their laptops, (2)Danes are most likely to forget their mobile phones, the survey found. In Chicago in the United States, passengers often(3)handheld computers on the back seat.
(2) [A]when [B]while [C]wherever [D]whenever
(3) [A]fell behind [B]stayed behind [C]left behind [D]dropped behind☆Now it turns out that tea, (4)chicken soup, is what can give your body an extra kick(極度的刺激)to help it battle infections.
(4) [A]other than [B]rather than [C]better than [D]more than☆But creating humananimal chimeras, named after a monster in Greek mythology that had a lion’s head, goat’s body, and serpent’s tail, has raised troubling questions: What new subhuman(5)should be produced and for what purpose? At what point would it be considered human? And what rights,(6), should it have? There are currently no U.S. federal laws that address these issues.
(5) [A]combination [B]controversy [C]compromise [D]consensus(6) [A]if possible [B]if necessary [C]if only [D]if any
☆ Chinese scientists at the Shanghai Second Medical University in 2003 successfully fused human cells with rabbit eggs. The embryos were (7) the first humananimal chimeras successfully created. They were allowed to develop for several clays in a laboratory dish(8)the scientists destroyed the embryos to harvest their stem cells. In Minnesota last year researchers at the Mayo Clinic created pigs with human blood flowing through their bodies.
(7)[A]remarkably [B]repeatedly [C]reportedly [D]reasonably
(8)[A]after [B]before [C]since [D]as
☆Anytime you’re shopping, don’t forget to consider the companies behind the brand names. One cereal company might be an environmental champion,(9)the other manufactures its corn flakes via(10)environmental practices. An easy way to compare two companies is to use sites such as www. responsibleshopper. com. They present both the good and bad sides of every company they(11), and they grade hundreds of companies on social, ethical and environmental issues.
(9)[A]when [B]while [C]as [D]because
(10)[A]constructive [B]destructive [C]instructive [D]obstructive
(11)[A]profit [B]propose [C]protect [D]profile
本小節(jié)答案精解
(1) [答案][C]but
[考點]判斷句子之間的邏輯關系。
[解析]前半句的意思是沒有人明確知道轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品的短期和長期效應,后半句的意思是它們可能導致某種情況,前后意思有轉(zhuǎn)折,因此答案為[C]。
(2)[答案][B]while
[考點]判斷句子關系,選擇合適的連詞。
[解析]前半句的意思是:“倫敦人對筆記本電腦似乎比別人更加粗心”,后半句是說:“丹麥人最容易忘記拿手機”,前后半句是并列的關系,所以選表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞while,[B]是正確答案。
(3)[答案][C]left behind
[考點]動詞短語辨析。
[解析]fall behind是“落在后面”,stay behind是“依舊落在后面”,leave behind是“不帶,忘了帶,遺留”,drop behind是“落在……的后面”。根據(jù)上下文,應該選left behind,所以選[C]。
(4)[答案][B]rather than
[考點]連詞短語辨析,把握和判斷句子成分之間的關系。
[解析]other than的意思是“不同于,非”,rather than的意思是“不如說……而不是……”,better than的意思是“比……好”,more than的意思是“比……多”。chicken soup 是插入語,起到補充說明的作用,根據(jù)句子意思,[B]是正確答案。這句話的意思是:茶葉而不是雞湯能為人體提供額外的刺激,幫助它對抗細菌。
(5)[答案][A]combination
[考點]名詞辨析,形容詞與名詞的搭配。
[解析]combination是“結合(體),混合(體)”,controversy是“爭論,辯論”,compromise是“妥協(xié),和解”,consensus是“一致同意”?崭袂暗膕ubhuman是“類似人的”,能與其搭配的只有combination,因此選[A]。
(6) [答案] [D]if any
[考點]連詞短語辨析。
[解析]if possible是“如果有可能”,if necessary是“如果有必要”,if only是“要是,只要,要是……多好”,if any是“即便有”。根據(jù)句子意思應該選if any,答案是[D]。這句話翻譯過來是:“即使有權利,它應該有哪些?”
(7) [答案][C]reportedly
[考點]副詞辨析。
[解析]remarkably是“引人注目地,異常地”,repeatedly是“一再,再三,多次地”,reportedly是“據(jù)報道,據(jù)(傳)說”,reasonably是“合理地,明智地”。根據(jù)詞義可以立即排除[B]選項,空格后面是the first,因此前面不能加程度副詞,排除remarkably和reasonably,答案是[C]。
(8)[答案][B]before
[考點]連詞選擇,判斷時間狀語從句與主句中動作發(fā)生的前后順序
[解析]主句是說那些胚胎會在實驗室器皿里發(fā)育幾天,從句的意思是科學家出于某種目的把胚胎破壞掉,根據(jù)一般的邏輯關系,肯定是主句的動作在前,所以選擇[B]。
(9)[答案][B]while
[考點]連詞辨析,判斷句子的邏輯關系。
[解析]根據(jù)上下文的關鍵詞“one...the other...”和“An easy way to compare two companies”,可見這句話是對兩類公司的對比。因此只能選while“而……”,正確答案為[B]。
(10)[答案][B]destructive
[考點]形容詞辨析,根據(jù)上下文選擇合適的形容詞。
[解析]constructive和destructive是一組反義詞,分別是“建設性的”和“破壞性的”,instructive意思是“有益的,教育意義的”,obstructive意思是“妨礙的”。While之前的句子意思是某個公司是環(huán)境保護的擁護者,那么與之相對照的是對環(huán)境有破壞行為的公司,所以正確答案為[B]。
(11)[答案][D]profile
[考點]動詞辨析,根據(jù)上下文選擇合適的動詞。
[解析]四個動詞詞頭相同,profit意思是“贏利”,profile的詞根為file,應與“記錄”有關,意思是“描述,給……寫傳略或概況”,propose為“提議”之意,protect則為“保護”。本題的關鍵在于要首先明白“they”的指代,根據(jù)上下文,they指的是上一句中的“sites”,動詞的賓語是every company,根據(jù)句子的意思,答案應該是[D]。這句話的意思是這些網(wǎng)址描述了它們所記錄的各個公司好的和壞的方面。
2. 介詞搭配(或介詞短語)考點
【復習題典】☆For the global businessman, food taste will be an important part of career mastery[注意搭配]. Being successful in South America or the Far East means having insight (1) another culture, and local dishes will become an important component[注意搭配] (2).
(1)[A]in [B]into [C]to [D]by
(2)[A]of that [B]of it [C]to it [D]by that
☆ After years of advancing early retirement schemes to avoid redundancies and higher unemployment, many governments are now looking(3)persuading people to stay in work until they are older. Surely, the thinking goes, if we are healthier now and jobs are physically less(4)strenuous and unemployment is down, then perhaps the present rate should rise anew.
(3)[A]for [B]to [C]about [D]at
(4)[A]turbulent[B]strenuous [C]compact [D]intricate
☆ Given 20 ounces of tea daily, nontea drinkers were better able to fight(5)bacterial diseases, according to a study at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. The researchers credit Ltheanine, an ingredient found in black, green, oolong and pekoe teas—but not in(6)teas, which usually don’t contain Camellia sinensis, the one true tea plant .
(5)[A]off [B]against [C]with [D]for
(6)[A]herbal [B]credible [C]favorable [D]fashionable
☆ This is a deadly, serious problem(7)college campuses today. In 1997 Harvard University’s School of Public Health surveyed students at 130 colleges for a college alcohol study and found about two of every five college students(8)in binge drinking. Frequent binge drinkers at college were 22 times more(9)than nonbinge drinkers to have problems,(10)missed classes, falling behind in school work, getting in trouble or hurt and engaging in unplanned sexual activity.
(7)[A]of [B]in [C]on [D]about
(8)[A]endeavor [B]engage [C]insist [D]practise
(9)[A]possibl [B]lively [C]likely [D]feasible
(10)[A]as such [B]as if [C]as much as[D]such as
本小節(jié)答案精解
(1)[答案][B]into
[考點]名詞與介詞搭配。
[解析]insight后面應該跟介詞into。
(2)[答案][A]of that
[考點]名詞與介詞搭配和代詞復指意義。
[解析]component 或part后面應該跟介詞of,而且that指上文的語句意義。
(3)[答案][D]at
[考點]本題考查固定短語的辨析。
[精解]備選項的介詞都可與look搭配成短語動詞:look for,“尋找,尋求”;look to“朝……看;指望,依賴”;look about“環(huán)視,(事先)審時度勢”;look at“研究考慮”。由短語的意義可知[D]項符合文意,look at表示to study and think about something,especially in order to decide what to do,在原文的意思是“前些年為了避免裁員及高失業(yè)率政府采取提前早退休的方案,而現(xiàn)在許多政府正考慮勸說人們晚退休”。
例句補充:
They are looking for the missing child.(他們正在尋找那失蹤的小孩);Don’t look to him for help(別指望他的幫忙);Look about carefully before making the final decision.(在做出最后決定之前,要先周密權衡一下)。
(4)[答案][B]Strenuous
[考點]本題考查形容詞詞義的辨析。
[精解]空格處填入的形容詞在句子中做表語,說明“現(xiàn)在的工作在生理上(physically)不如以前4”。由上文Surely,the thinking goes可知空格所在句子是上一句“政府考慮說服人們晚退休”的理由。[A]turbulent“(海、氣候等)狂暴的;(時代)動蕩不安的”一般不與job搭配;而[C]compact“緊密的,密集的;(身體)緊繃繃的”和[D]intricate“錯綜復雜的,難以理解的”一般不用于從生理上說工作。只有[B]strenuous“(工作等)需要極端努力的,費勁的”既能從生理上說明job的性質(zhì),又可解釋原因。
(5)[答案][A]off
[考點]介詞辨析,動詞與介詞的搭配。
[解析]四個介詞都可和fight搭配,fight off意思是“擊退”,fight against和fight with的意思都是“和……戰(zhàn)斗”,fight for意思是“為……而戰(zhàn)斗”。fight against和fight with可以同時被排除, fight for也不對,因此答案是[A]。
(6)[答案][A]herbal
[考點]形容詞辨析,形容詞與名詞的搭配。
[解析]herbal意思為“草藥的”,credible意思是“可信的”,favorable意思是“贊成的,有利的”,fashionable意思是“流行的,時髦的”。從句子結構可以看出,6teas和前面的green tea等相對應,是一種茶葉,因此正確答案為[A]。
(7)[答案][C]on
[考點]介詞選擇。
[解析]campus前面的固定介詞是on,所以答案是[C]。
(8)[答案][B]engage
[考點]動詞辨析,動詞與介詞的搭配。
[解析]endeavor是“努力,盡力,竭力做到”,后面加不定式,engage能和in搭配,表示“從事,參與”,insist后面可以加on或者upon,意思是“堅持,一定要”,practise不能跟in構成短語。binge drinking是指“狂飲作樂”,根據(jù)這幾個動詞的用法判斷,只有engage能和in搭配,因此[B]是正確答案。
(9)[答案][C]likely
[考點]形容詞辨析。
[解析]possible是“可能的,有可能做到的”,lively是“充滿活力的,活潑的”,likely是“可能的,有傾向的”,feasible是“可行的,合理的”。lively和feasible可首先排除,possible最常用的結構是It is possible (for sb.) to do sth,而這句話的主語是frequent college drinkers,所以選[C]。
(10)[答案][D]such as
[考點]判斷句子內(nèi)部的邏輯關系。
[解析]這個空格后面的四個并列成分是對前面problems的展開說明,舉了四個例子,所以答案是[D]。
3. 關系代詞考點
【復習題典】☆When broken down by the liver, Ltheanine becomes an antigen called ethylamine,(1)primes the response of gammadelta T cells against a variety of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic(2), and possibly tumors. Ethylamine is also found in other plantbased foods, such as apples, mushrooms and wine.
(1) [A]which [B]that [C]who [D]where
(2) [A]diseases [B]infections [C]illnesses [D]deficiencies
☆ Questions about animal care arose with the explosive growth in largescale livestock farms,(3)spurred customers to complain about animals being treated as “factory parts.” That spurred ARS and the livestock industry to take a proactive approach to addressing animal(4)issues, making sure that guidelines are based on facts determined through scientific research. The goal is to share research findings with the retail food industry and others so that the livestock industry can improve its voluntary guidelines.
(3) [A]who [B]what [C]which [D]how
(4) [A]health [B]life [C]wealth [D]welfare
☆ A realistic goal in one culture may not be so in another. One way to get at (觸及,抓住,接近,著手處理) what might be realistic is to analyze(5)psychologists call the “l(fā)ocus of control.” People in some cultures tend to believe in “(6)control” over destiny—that is, that people can control events themselves. People in other cultures believe in “external control” over destiny—that is, events are(7)and uncontrollable.
(5) [A]how [B]why [C]when [D]what
(6) [A]individual [B]inward [C]internal [D]inner
(7) [A]unprecedented[B]unexpected [C]preoccupied [D]predetermined
☆ Unfortunately, it’s this kind of defeatist mentality(8)keeps people from enhancing their lives through proper diet and exercise. Here is the salient point, though: The health and fitness benefits you’ll derive from(9)the necessary work are worth whatever sacrifices you must make(10)the way.
(8) [A]that [B]which [C]what [D]who
(9) [A]setting in [B]putting in [C]getting in [D]cutting in
(10) [A]along [B]by [C]on [D]in
本小節(jié)答案精解
(1)[答案][A]which
[考點]關系代詞或副詞辨析,根據(jù)句子關系選擇合適的代詞或副詞。
[解析]根據(jù)句子結構分析,此處是非限制性定語從句,修飾ethylamine,因此只能選which,正確答案為[A]。
(2) [答案][B]infections
[考點]名詞辨析,根據(jù)上下文選擇合適的名詞。
[解析]disease意思是“疾病”,infection意思是“傳染病”,illness也是“疾病”,deficiency意思是“缺乏,不足”。disease和illness是同義詞,同時排除,deficiency也不合適,所以選[B]。
(3)[答案][C]which
[考點]根據(jù)句子結構選擇關系代詞或副詞。
[解析]解這道題時,首先要理清句子結構。逗號后面的句子應為非限制性定語從句,修飾前面整句話,待選詞應為引導定語從句的關系代詞,據(jù)此可排除what和how,又因為這個定語從句修飾的不是人,who也被排除。正確答案只能為[C]。
(4)[答案][D]welfare
[考點]名詞辨析,根據(jù)上下文選擇合適的名詞。
[解析]health是“健康”,life是“生命,生存”,wealth是“財富”,welfare是“福利”。從上文可以看出,本文討論的是針對動物的福利提出的一些飼養(yǎng)動物的規(guī)定,因此[D]是正確答案。
(5)[答案][D] what
[考點]關系代詞與副詞辨析。
[解析]analyze是及物動詞,因此可以判斷analyze后面是一個賓語從句,四個選項中只有 what能夠引導賓語從句,所以答案是[D]。
(6)[答案][C] internal
[考點]形容詞辨析,根據(jù)對應關系選擇合適的形容詞。
[解析]individual是“個人的,個別的”,inward是“內(nèi)部的,體內(nèi)的,內(nèi)心的,向里邊的”,internal是“內(nèi)在的,本性的,主觀的,個人的”,inner是“內(nèi)部的,內(nèi)心的,精神的,心靈的”。如果只看詞義,似乎比較難選擇,但我們只要看看下一句話,問題就迎刃而解了。這兩句話說的是不同文化的人們不同的信仰,無論從句子結構,還是用詞,這兩句話都對得很工整,因此我們靠對應關系就能確定答案,和external相反的是internal,因此選擇[C]。
(7)[答案] [D] predetermined
[考點]形容詞辨析,根據(jù)并列結構選擇合適的形容詞。
[解析]unprecedented是“無前例的,絕無僅有的”,unexpected是“意外的,突如其來的”, preoccupied是“全神貫注的,入神的”,predetermined是“預先決定的,預先確定的”。需要填的內(nèi)容和后面的uncontrollable應該是并列的,從這個角度考慮,[D]是最佳選項,意思是人們相信事情是預先決定的,人們無法控制。
(8)[答案][A]that
[考點]關系代詞辨析。
[解析]這是一個強調(diào)句,被強調(diào)的主語是defeatist mentality,所以只能選[A]。
(9)[答案][B]putting in
[考點]動詞短語辨析,動詞短語與名詞的搭配。
[解析]set in意思是“開始”,put in意思是“花費,付出(時間、精力等)”,get in意思是“加入,收割”,cut in意思是“插嘴”。后面的名詞是necessary work,合適的搭配選項應是put in,正確答案為[B]。
(10)[答案][A]along
[考點]介詞(短語)辨析。
[解析]along the way表示“在這一過程中”,by the way意思為“在途中,附帶說說”,on the way意思是“來到,接近,在進行中”,in the way為“擋道的,妨礙人的”之意。根據(jù)句子意思,正確答案是[A]。本句意思是:很遺憾,正是這種失敗主義者的心理使人們不想通過合理的飲食和體育鍛煉來提高生活質(zhì)量。合理飲食和體育鍛煉換來的身體健康值得堅持過程中所做的任何犧牲。
4. 關系副詞考點
☆關系副詞(Relative Adverb)原來和疑問副詞一樣也是when, where, why和how這四個字。如:◇July is usually the month when the weather is the hottest. (七月通常是天氣最熱的月份。)◇Is that the bank where you keep your money? (那是不是你把錢存在那里的銀行?)◇The reason why he’s late is that there was a traffic jam. (他遲到的原因是碰到了交通阻塞。)◇We all have the twentyfour hours of the day, but we differ in the way how (這里用in which或that都對) we use them.(我們都有一天的二十四小時,可是利用這二十四小時的方式則各不相同。)
國家 | 北京 | 天津 | 上海 | 江蘇 |
安徽 | 浙江 | 山東 | 江西 | 福建 |
廣東 | 河北 | 湖南 | 廣西 | 河南 |
海南 | 湖北 | 四川 | 重慶 | 云南 |
貴州 | 西藏 | 新疆 | 陜西 | 山西 |
寧夏 | 甘肅 | 青海 | 遼寧 | 吉林 |
黑龍江 | 內(nèi)蒙古 |