I. Use of English (Cloze)
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is ___1___, the other is the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. ____2____ any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out ___3___ effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or ___4___ , often enough, in other departments of the same firm.
The degree of secrecy naturally ____5___ considerably. Some of the bigger firms are ___6___ in researches which are ___7____ such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive ___8___ to them not to keep them secret. ___9___ a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy___10 ___the stage at which patents can be ____11___ . Even more processes are never patented ___12___ but kept as secret processes. This ___13___ particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part ___14___ they do in physical and mechanical industries.
Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an ___15___ that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in ____16___ technical or scientific books from libraries ___17___ they are unwilling to have their names entered ___18___ having taken out such and such a book, ___19___ the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be ____20___ . (269 words)
1. A. kept up B. carried out C. set up D. worked out
2. A. In so far as B. For all that C. Just as D. As far as
3. A. to B. within C. from D. for
4. A. so B. else C. still D. even
5. A. varies B. revises C. modifies D. alters
6. A. participated B. embarked C. engaged D. dedicated
7. A. with B. of C. in D. beyond
8. A. fault B. failure C. merit D. advantage
9. A. Yet B. Furthermore C. Consequently D. Otherwise
10. A. when B. until C. unless D. after
11. A. taken out B. made out C. turned out D. searched out
12. A. at large B. at stake C. at all D. at once
13. A. fits B. suits C. conforms D. applies
14. A. which B. than C. as D. that
15. A. excess B. exception C. extreme D. extent
16. A. attaining B. acquiring C. obtaining D. achieving
17. A. because B. though C. if D. where
18. A. for B. before C. into D. as
19. A. much as B. for fear C. even if D. as though
20. A. understanding B. undermining C. undergoing D. undertaking
