III. English-Chinese Translation
How can science be encouraged to flourish and grow? How can the results of science be used to the best purpose for the benefit of humanity? 1) It was to find the answers to these questions, which are not merely academic but practical ones, that this whole inquiry into the place of science in society was undertaken. It can be justified only in so far as it helps to find them.
The way to answer the first question is to find the best conditions, external and internal, which have in the past helped the progress of science and to anticipate the changed needs of the present and future. The answer to the second question, which depends on the first, is set out towards the end of this chapter. Some of the external conditions for the flourishing of science in the past have already been discussed. 2) In essence they are provided only in periods of social and economic advance, when science is given social importance and material means and is continually stimulated to new activity by problems presented to it from the economic and social spheres.
3) Now these problems have been essentially, as we have seen, those that touched the interests of the ruling class of the time, whether real, like navigation, or imaginary, like astrology. 4) The opportunity and the honor given to the practitioners of science at any time are a measure of the degree to which they serve at these interests. They are greatest in periods of active advance, because then the people who are occupied with science are closely in touch with the main economic interests, and are often drawn from the directing classes themselves or are brought into their counsels because of their abilities. We have had many examples in these pages such as: Archimedes, Grosseteste, Leonardo, Galileo, Boyle, Davy, Pasteur, Kelvin.
5) But for the secure advance of science it is also essential that those interests should lie along lines which bring the scientists into connection with constructive practical activities. For example, the relative sterility of natural science in the times between Pericles and Alexander is an indication of what able and gifted individuals could fail to do, if divorced from any relation to production through the overriding interests of the political problems of a decaying, small-city, slave society. (386 words)
IV. Writing
Directions:You are working as a part-timer for a foreign enterprise, your boss is asking you to writing a letter for him to John, one of the staff members, to reject a proposal on expanding field operations.
Write a letter to John to:
1) thank him for the proposal,
2) tell him gently but firmly why his offer cannot be accepted,
3) give him some encouragement for future efforts.
Letter of Rejecting
Dear John,
I read with great interest your proposal to expand our field operations. Thanks for taking time to present this idea. 這個(gè)計(jì)劃聽(tīng)起來(lái)不錯(cuò)，但是很遺憾目前還派不上用場(chǎng)。
As you know, we are making preparations to introduce several new products, and recent figures indicate this operation is going to draw on all our available resources for the next eight months.只是我們現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)有資金，人力或者培訓(xùn)能力來(lái)拓展我們的地盤(pán)。You may be certain I’ll remember your suggestion if the right time comes.
希望能收到更多像你提供的這種好點(diǎn)子，那將會(huì)使我的工作變得更輕松。Thanks, John.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
作業(yè)：1. 認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)本單元內(nèi)容。 2. 詞匯背記必須結(jié)合完形、閱讀和英譯漢練習(xí)。 3. 在使用“復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)”時(shí)，要注意各章分頭全面推進(jìn)，并針對(duì)自己的弱項(xiàng)選擇相關(guān)章節(jié)做重點(diǎn)突破。
贈(zèng)言： 要有收獲就必須不斷投入。全神貫注是事業(yè)成功的必修課。勝利往往就在于堅(jiān)忍不拔。
選擇搭配題參考譯文(1)
在傳統(tǒng)的婚禮上，新郎和新娘會(huì)相互許諾終生相愛(ài)。然而美國(guó)約有1/4的婚姻以離異收?qǐng)�。�?940年以來(lái)，離婚率增長(zhǎng)了一倍還多，專(zhuān)家預(yù)言，20世紀(jì)70年代的婚姻中，約有50% 會(huì)以離婚告終。美國(guó)是世界上離婚率最高的國(guó)家之一，也許可稱(chēng)世界之最。
問(wèn)題究竟出在哪里呢？離婚在美國(guó)司空見(jiàn)慣并不意味著美國(guó)人視夫妻關(guān)系為兒戲，恰恰相反，他們對(duì)婚姻的期望值很高。他們追求肉體和諧、情感相通和智力相當(dāng)，他們希望彼此深知深?lèi)?ài)。正是因?yàn)槊绹?guó)人對(duì)婚姻的期望值太高，才使離異的人居高不下。他們寧愿不結(jié)婚，也不要沒(méi)有愛(ài)情和缺乏理解的婚姻。
哪一種婚姻最可能以離婚收?qǐng)瞿�？低收入或少教育階層之間的婚姻，以及青少年之間的婚姻風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最大。孩子在18歲以下的夫婦間的離婚率在下降，幾乎45%的離異夫婦都沒(méi)有子女。
夫婦離婚時(shí)，法庭會(huì)要求男方每月付給前妻一筆錢(qián)，即贍養(yǎng)費(fèi)。贍養(yǎng)費(fèi)的金額依丈夫的收入、妻子的需要和婚姻時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短而定。 如果妻子有工作而且收入不菲，她可能連一點(diǎn)贍養(yǎng)費(fèi)也拿不到。偶爾也有法庭裁定妻子付給丈夫贍養(yǎng)費(fèi)的。約有10% 的美國(guó)婦女收入超過(guò)他們的丈夫。如果妻子在婚姻期間一直完全供養(yǎng)丈夫，法庭可能裁定離婚后女方必須繼續(xù)供養(yǎng)丈夫。這在美國(guó)是一個(gè)相當(dāng)新的觀念。
如果辦理離婚的夫婦有孩子，法庭必須確定父母中誰(shuí)與孩子一起生活，誰(shuí)為孩子提供羊育費(fèi)。在大多數(shù)情況下，孩子同母親一起生活，父親則支付孩子的撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)并享有探視權(quán)。然而，只要最大限度地對(duì)孩子有利，父親擁有對(duì)孩子的全部監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)或父母共有監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的情況并不少見(jiàn)。
離婚的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)似乎沒(méi)有使美國(guó)人產(chǎn)生恐懼心理，他們依然一次又一次地嘗試婚姻，約95% 的美國(guó)中年人至少結(jié)過(guò)一次婚， 離婚的人中，約有80% 最后還是再次成婚。只有日本人結(jié)婚的比例同美國(guó)人一樣高。其實(shí)，再婚和組織新家庭在美國(guó)非常普遍。美國(guó)有一則笑話(huà)說(shuō)：一位妻子對(duì)她的二婚丈夫大聲喊：“快來(lái)呀，約翰，不好啦！你的孩子和我的孩子正在打我們的孩子！”
盡管大多數(shù)都結(jié)婚成家，選擇其他生活方式的人也在增加， 他們的行為日益被一般人認(rèn)可。未婚同居伴侶的人數(shù)已從1970年的50萬(wàn)人增加到1988年的260萬(wàn)人。許多老年人對(duì)日益增長(zhǎng)的未婚同居趨勢(shì)感到震驚。不過(guò)這不僅是美國(guó)的趨勢(shì)，這種趨勢(shì)在歐洲更甚。
