基礎(chǔ)·技巧·沖刺---2008年考研英語沖刺30天（更新中）

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第十五天：難題錯題 分別整理---閱讀理解篇之三

　　除了尋找正確答案以外，有時需要避免選項中的陷阱。所以今天總結(jié)干擾選項的特征。

　　一、例證題

　　干擾選項特征：就事論事（以例子本身的細(xì)節(jié)為答案）

　　例如，

　　Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.(2003-4)

　　The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that.
　　[A] medical resources are often wasted
　　[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases
　　[C] some treatments are too aggressive
　　[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable

　　問題對應(yīng)二段倒數(shù)第二句。這個例子就是說明前一句的：由于有第三方為我們支付醫(yī)療費用，我們便要求醫(yī)生為我們做所能做的一切事情，即使這么做毫無用處。二段末句進(jìn)一步指出醫(yī)生為了不讓病人失望，經(jīng)常采取一些過激的（aggressive）、缺乏科學(xué)根據(jù)的治療方法。由于治療結(jié)果不理想，自然造成醫(yī)療資源的浪費。A選項符合此意，為正確答案。B選項和C選項都就事論事，即都是例子本身的細(xì)節(jié)，不是例子要說明的內(nèi)容。D“醫(yī)療費用越來越難以承擔(dān)”在原文沒有提到。

　　二、推理題

　　干擾選項特征：推得過遠(yuǎn)（所得出的結(jié)論經(jīng)過多步推理產(chǎn)生，無原文依據(jù)）

　　例如，

　　The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.

　　What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?
　　[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.
　　[B] More versions of IQ test are now available on the Internet.
　　[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.
　　[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.

　　問題是“關(guān)于智力測驗，能從第三段推出什么”。C“針對成年人和兒童的智力測驗的內(nèi)容和形式可能不同”與原文第三段第二句對應(yīng)：The test comes primarily in two forms, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version)，其中原文的括號中指出：智力測驗的兩種形式都有成人版和兒童版。既然如此，說明成年人的智力測驗在內(nèi)容和形式兩方面與兒童可能不同，因此C為正確答案。注意：C選項中的format對應(yīng)原文括號中的version。A“人們不再用智商分?jǐn)?shù)反映智力水平”推得過遠(yuǎn)，因為段首僅說現(xiàn)在智商測驗不如過去頻繁，這不等于取消了智商測驗。B“因特網(wǎng)上的智商測驗版本比以前更多了”與原文“不同智商測驗版本充斥了萬維網(wǎng)”不符，因為選項中的比較是原文所沒有提到的。

　　三、主旨題

　　干擾選項特征：細(xì)枝末節(jié)（以例子、細(xì)節(jié)做主題）

　　例如，

　　When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.

　　……

　　Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original level. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.

　　The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’
　　[A] management efficiency.
　　[B] biomass level.
　　[C] catch-size limits.
　　[D] technological application.

　　問題是“作者似乎主要關(guān)注大多數(shù)漁場的哪一個方面”，這等于問文章的主題。B“生物數(shù)量水平”就是文章主題，因為作者從第二段開始都在論述這一問題，所以B選項為正確答案。A“管理效率”和C“捕獲量限制”在原文未提過，D“技術(shù)應(yīng)用”是細(xì)枝末節(jié)，所以它們都是干擾選項。

　　四、事實細(xì)節(jié)題

　　干擾選項特征：

　　1．正反混淆（態(tài)度、有無與原文相反）

　　2．無中生有（選項中的比較在原文無依據(jù)）

　　3．?dāng)U大范圍（選項去掉了原文的限制條件或修飾范圍）

　　4．因果倒置（兩個事物在問題與選項中的因果關(guān)系與它們在原文的因果關(guān)系相反）

　　例如，

　　Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, Why We Should, Like, Care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. (2005-4)

　　To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?
　　[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
　　[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.
　　[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
　　[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.

　　可以將各個選項與原文一一進(jìn)行比較，與McWhorter談到的觀點一致的就是正確答案。按照出題順序，可以優(yōu)先定位四段，其中四段末句指出：他（指McWhorter）并不像其他人那樣認(rèn)為如果我們講話不得體就無法正確思考。這等于說他認(rèn)為我們即使講話不得體也能正確思考，就是說邏輯思維與我們的講話方式?jīng)]有必然的聯(lián)系。A選項說的正是這一意思，為正確答案。其他三個選項與四段所說都不相符，也不是McWhorter認(rèn)可的觀點，所以都是干擾選項。第二個選項中的比較“more expressive than…”在原文未提到，屬于無中生有。

　　又如，

　　In spite of “endless talk of difference”, American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption”, launched by the 19th-entury department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization. (2006-　　1)

　　According to the author, the department stores of the 19th-century
　　[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture.
　　[B] became intimate shops for common consumers.
　　[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.
　　[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.

　　根據(jù)問題中的關(guān)鍵詞the department stores of the 19th-century定位一段第三句——該句指出：人們被吸引到“消費文化”之中——這場消費運動是由19世紀(jì)的百貨商店發(fā)起的。這里的“消費文化”就是前一句中所說的“大眾文化”（popular culture）。既然19世紀(jì)的百貨商店導(dǎo)致了消費文化，即大眾文化的出現(xiàn)，那么（A）“在傳播大眾文化方面起了一定作用”是正確答案，因為它符合此意。B選項屬于斷章取義，C選項與原文正反混淆，而D“百貨商店的出現(xiàn)源于消費文化”顛倒了因果關(guān)系，反之才對。

　　五、其他

　　1．常識判斷（根據(jù)一般經(jīng)驗做出判斷）

　　2．過于絕對（最高級、唯一性判斷在原文無依據(jù)）

　　例如，

　　There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.(2000-2)

　　What does the example of India illustrate?
　　[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
　　[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
　　[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.
　　[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.

　　關(guān)于印度的例子在二段末。作者舉這個例子的目的是說明進(jìn)化的作用又少了一個用武之地：在過去，由于人們間的貧富差異使得人們的生存和生育受到影響，富人生存能力強，但是到了現(xiàn)在，貧富差異對人們的生存能力的影響已經(jīng)很小。這樣，自然選擇在貧富差異方面就無所作為。B“自然選擇在貧富之間的作用很難發(fā)揮”符合此意，為正確答案。A“富人的小孩一般比窮人多”為常識判斷，即可能符合現(xiàn)實，但在原文沒有提到，所以不是正確答案。C選項包含具體數(shù)字，這類選項一般是干擾選項。

　　又如，

　　Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.(2005-2)

　　An argument made by supporters of smoking was that
　　[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.
　　[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.
　　[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.
　　[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.

　　問題是“支持吸煙者的一個論據(jù)是什么”，這一點在一段談到。C“人們有選擇自己生活方式的自由”由一段第三句可以推出，因為原文指出“反對吸煙的游說團(tuán)體存心破壞吸煙者的生活方式，政府不應(yīng)該干涉吸煙”，由此可見支持吸煙者認(rèn)為吸煙是他們的生活方式，他們有選擇的自由，他人（包括政府在內(nèi)）不應(yīng)對此加以干涉。因此C為正確答案。A“沒有科學(xué)證據(jù)證明吸煙和死亡之間的因果關(guān)系”與一段第二句“證據(jù)不充分，科學(xué)上還不確定”有出入，因為原文指出“證據(jù)不充分”，說明有證據(jù)，只是不充分而已，而A選項完全否定證據(jù)的存在，說得過于絕對。B“在過去數(shù)十年中早亡的煙民數(shù)目不大”與一段末句所說相反，也不是支持吸煙者的論據(jù)。D選項以偏概全。所以A、B、D三個選項都是干擾選項。

　　綜合這幾天對閱讀的總結(jié)，做題時一定要以原文為依據(jù)。許多同學(xué)做題有方法，但因為憑印象、粗心大意或?qū)υ~匯理解不準(zhǔn)確，往往做錯。有不良習(xí)慣的同學(xué)要注意糾正習(xí)慣，而詞匯理解不準(zhǔn)確的同學(xué)，一定要將問題涉及的原文詞匯與選項詞匯吃透。對于基礎(chǔ)較差的同學(xué)，我甚至建議將每道題的答案以及它們所對應(yīng)的原文詞匯讀熟，以增加自己的詞匯量（尤其是同義詞數(shù)量）、增強自己的做題感覺。還有些同學(xué)容易鉆牛角尖，常常覺得哪個選項都不對或排除了正確選項。這些同學(xué)需要樹立一種思想：雖然做題涉及邏輯，但是語言是第一位的，以語言的對應(yīng)為最高原則。

　　今天的結(jié)束語是：Learn from mistakes（從錯誤中吸取教訓(xùn)）。

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